Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Fate and

Oedipus Rex, Fate, and the Modern World In the two thousand since Oedipus Rex was written, it has been analyzed and dissected immeasurable times and in every possible way. Usually the analysis has been within the context of the play itself or within the context of other Greek tragedies. perhaps it would be more relevant and interesting to evaluate the play within the context of the modern world. In his play Sophocles brings up many questions which are non easily answered. Does man ha free will? What responsibilities does a man have for his own actions? Should the inferior human intellect and poor human cogitate be placed above obedience to ones God or gods? Neither Sophocles nor the Greeks originated these questions. Thousands of years before the time of the Greeks man worried that his life, and accordingly his fate, was determined by very powerful gods. Hence much time and energy was spent praying and asking the gods to utilize divine intervention to provide let out hunting , weather, food, and other forms of good fortune. Thousands of years of superstition and spiritual worship evolved into Greeks religion, which was based on mythology and the belief that gods of the Olympus controlled the lives of men. Sophocles brings to light the Greeks beliefs in several scenes as the gods are consulted through and through the oracles. In one scene, Iokaste tells Oedipus that an oracle told Laios that his doom would be death at the hands of his own son. His son born of his flesh and mine (II. 214-220). Iokaste and Laios had asked an oracle well-nigh their babys future (Oedipus) to have better understanding of the childs fate. Upon receiving this information, and realizing the tragic destiny o... ...learn there, I f he can, What act or pledge of mine may save the city. (II. 72-77) As the Greeks did two thousand years ago, the Indians of Guatemala do today. Oracles are consulted about every important event in their life. Not only do they go to their future, they also make many futile attempts to change their destiny by offering food, money, alcohol or cigars to Maximon, Culiatlec, Kielem, or whatever god they believe to have the strongest powers. Without access to resources or education, the Mayan Indian is destined to work his small plot of land and barely survive on a diet of beans and tortillas. He will dye young from hard work just as his father, grand father, and every other ancestor since the startle of time. If he tries to change his fate by taking up arms against his oppressor, he will dye even younger. In the same way

Stevie Wonder and the Crime-Fighting Werewolf :: Music File Sharing Technology Essays

Stevie Wonder and the Crime-Fighting Werewolf As is befitting a student, I have been tasked to write yet another paper, this time on the subject of my choosing that relates to issues in the digital age. As an avid fan of downloading music, I decided to talk about the subject of music file sharing. However, as galore(postnominal) readers can attest to, diving headlong into the discussion would be both jarring and boring, and in order to spice up the paper I was delegate to give four of my sources a personality and let them discuss the topic instead of me. What you are about to read is pure fiction, well, actually its fictional non-fiction, or non-fictional fiction. Regardless of what its proper title may be, I hope you find it entertaining and informative, because God knows I tried to make it both. A cheap motel. This quiet, undercover location has been chosen by higher powers, in all likelihood the federal government, to discuss the morality of file sharing. M oses Avalon, Ken C. Pohlman, Jennifer Beauprez, and Lee Bockhorn have been selected to discuss the issue in a calm rational manner. Armed guards have been instructed to shoot the more rambunctious debaters. I have been selected to record the minutes of the meeting, and by selected I really mean dragged out of bed, blindfolded, kidnapped, then flown to the site. On one hand that is rather convenient because I was instructed to write a paper on issues concerning the digital age, such as file sharing, and the knowledge obtained from the experience should prove useful to my paper. On the other hand I am a surly secretary and much of what was said during the ordeal is missing, lost in a haze of boredom. When life gives you lemons, you make lemonade, and here is my sweet, sweet proverbial lemonade. Moses heads his own federation web site, which surprisingly enough has convincing arguments as well as concrete facts that argue for file sharing. Obviously inspired by the Neo credit i n The Matrix, he is the living epitome of a hacker. Tall, slovenly, gangly and spectacled with his leather jacket creaking every time he fidgets. He secretly hopes to be sucked into a virtual world with throbbing techno music and insane martial arts.

Early History of South Africa: A Climatological Case Study Essay

Early History of South Africa A Climatological Case StudyThe early history of Cape Town shares little with the experience of the rest of Africa. The patterns of small town and the relationship between black Africans and nationalized Europeans are unique to the area. The timing and speed of settlement were possible only because of the local disease environment. The system of racial interaction, a system of Aparthide unique to the area, acted differently than other systems because of farming patterns primed(p) by the fertility of the land. The above are instances of the apparent adaptation of South African ethnical development to its climate environment. They show the history and culture of the area are inseparable aspects of the climate in which they formed. Once the Portuguese had made the trip somewhat the horn of Africa and had started to trade with the Indian Ocean world it was clear that a port capable of re-supplying and repairing the trading ships was necessary. Towns sprang to life up and down the West African coast, their numbers increasing as other European powers began to claim their share of the trade with India. In most of these towns, European mortality was horrendous. Even England, nonorious for colonizing with Criminals, did not send its prisoners to the West African coast for long. Malaria and other African diseases killed them as effectively as a hangmans noose. But there was one conspicuous anomaly Cape Town. Here, Europeans could survive. The reason had everything to do with Climate. One of the biggest causes of European mortality was Malaria. A parasitic disease carried by mosquitoes, Malaria has a high mortality rank among first exposure victims. Even today, it is the fourth most common cause for c... ..., settlements remained small and ineffectual. The African natives were able to maintain their own lifestyles, and the Europeans were prevented from expanding. This was not the case in South Africa, where insufficient rainfall forced the population to spread out and interact with the natives to such an extent as to alter their language. The divisions this interaction created were not good thrown aside, and have persisted to modern times. Without the knowledge of the climate of the area, there would be no explanation for the unique nature of South African culture. Climate dictated the development of this culture. Works Cited1 http//www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm2 http//www.cdc.gov/malaria/distribution_epi/distribution.htm3 http//cybercapetown.com/CapeTown/climate.php4 http//www.wunderground.com/NORMS/DisplayIntlNORMS.asp?CityCode=68816&Units=both

Essay --

Born on 21 September 1866 in Bromley in Kent County, England, Herbert George surface (H.G. Wells) was the youngest of 7 children of Joseph Wells and Sarah Neal. The Wells family deteriorated out-of-pocket to poverty and the marriage was not that happy Joseph and Sarah would later live separately, though neither married another. (http//www.online-literature.com/wellshg/)His gravel launched a fruitless store that sells glassware and play equipment. Herberts become was also a skilled cricket player who earned sufficient notes to support his family by playing cricket masterly (http//www.egs.edu/library/herbert-george-wells/biography/). Wells was born to parents who tried but failed to escape their lower class statues. His fathers earnings as a professional cricket player was the only thing that is keeping them alive, but even this failed when he was handicapped in an accident. Because of this, Wells began his vain attempts to find a job. (http//www.war-ofthe-worlds.co.uk/h_g_wells .htm).Herbert was an esurient reader at an early age but it would take some cartridge clip before his skills as a writer were discovered. He went and studied in Thomas Morleys Academy for several years before poverty forced him to drop go forth and look for a job. He became an apprentice to a draper, but Wells did not like his job and became a pupil-teacher at Midhurst Grammar School in 1883. When Herbert was granted a scholarship to the Normal School of science in London, he became interested and began his studies in biology and Darwinian principles under Thomas Henry Huxley (http//www.online-literature.com/wellshg/). elucidate became difficult for him, so he dropped out without a degree, and in 1888, moved to London University. He was given his degree in B.S. in Zoology i... ...ian ages of England into his run across of the future if capitalism continues to prevail. Wells also include his knowledge of the Darwinian principles to further discredit capitalism (http//www.grade saver.com/the-time-machine/study-guide/about/).Wells was able to optimize his consumption of themes that are evident all throughout the novel. unmatched of the dominant themes present in the novel was the severe discrimination of social classes. Wells grew up during the time where the upper class were harsh to the lower class, and Wells captured this in his novel. In the story, the Eloi made the Morlocks into their servants, wherein they became extremely dependent on them for their survival. Morlocks, in the other hand, are oppressed and they began to rebel against the Eloi (http//www.hyperink.com/Major-Themes-And-Symbols-In-The-Time-Machine-b930a15).Capitalism and communism Essay -- Born on 21 September 1866 in Bromley in Kent County, England, Herbert George Wells (H.G. Wells) was the youngest of 7 children of Joseph Wells and Sarah Neal. The Wells family deteriorated due to poverty and the marriage was not that happy Joseph and Sarah would later live separate ly, though neither married another. (http//www.online-literature.com/wellshg/)His father launched a fruitless store that sells glassware and cricket equipment. Herberts father was also a skilled cricket player who earned sufficient money to support his family by playing cricket professionally (http//www.egs.edu/library/herbert-george-wells/biography/). Wells was born to parents who tried but failed to escape their lower class statues. His fathers earnings as a professional cricket player was the only thing that is keeping them alive, but even this failed when he was handicapped in an accident. Because of this, Wells began his vain attempts to find a job. (http//www.war-ofthe-worlds.co.uk/h_g_wells.htm).Herbert was an avid reader at an early age but it would take some time before his skills as a writer were discovered. He went and studied in Thomas Morleys Academy for several years before poverty forced him to drop out and look for a job. He became an apprentice to a draper, but Well s did not like his job and became a pupil-teacher at Midhurst Grammar School in 1883. When Herbert was granted a scholarship to the Normal School of Science in London, he became interested and began his studies in biology and Darwinian principles under Thomas Henry Huxley (http//www.online-literature.com/wellshg/). Class became difficult for him, so he dropped out without a degree, and in 1888, moved to London University. He was given his degree in B.S. in Zoology i... ...ian ages of England into his view of the future if capitalism continues to prevail. Wells also included his knowledge of the Darwinian principles to further discredit capitalism (http//www.gradesaver.com/the-time-machine/study-guide/about/).Wells was able to optimize his usage of themes that are evident all throughout the novel. One of the dominant themes present in the novel was the severe discrimination of social classes. Wells grew up during the time where the upper class were harsh to the lower class, and Well s captured this in his novel. In the story, the Eloi made the Morlocks into their servants, wherein they became extremely dependent on them for their survival. Morlocks, in the other hand, are oppressed and they began to rebel against the Eloi (http//www.hyperink.com/Major-Themes-And-Symbols-In-The-Time-Machine-b930a15).Capitalism and communism

Jurassic Park :: Essays Papers

Jurassoc ParkA billionaire has created a technique to clone dinosaurs. From the left behind deoxyribonucleic acid that his crack team of scientists and experts extract he is able to grow the dinosaurs in labs and lock them up on an island behind electrified fences. He has created a sort of subject area park on the island which is located off the west coast of Costa Rica. The island is called Isla Nublar. He plans to have the entire planet come and visit his wondrous marvels. He asks a group of scientists from several different fields to come and view the park, but something terribly goes wrong when a worker on the island turns against him and shuts down the power. The briny characters in the book are John Hammond who is a billionaire developer who has used his resources to create the dinosaur filled island known as Jurassic Park. He is an honest-to-god grandfather, and he dies in the book by a dinosaur known as a Procompsognathus. Dr. Alan Grant who is a renowned paleontologist, agrees to visit Jurassic Park only to find start it is the home of several Dinosaurs. Unlike the movie Dr. Grant loves kids in the book. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a Paleobotinist and Alan Grant who is among the first people to tour Jurassic Park. Tim who is the 11 year old grandson of John Hammond is very into computers and loves Dinosaurs. His 7 year older sister is Alexis. She has a kind of tomboy attitude and loves baseball. Ian Malcom is the Mathematician that uses Chaos Theory to predict disastrous results. lastly there is Dennis Nedry. He was the computer genius whos greed and ambition bring chaos to Jurassic Park. The characters show the greatest difference in the movie and the book. on that point were many opposites in the characters. One of the obvious differences is that the roles of Tim and Lex were reversed. The book starts off when some of the dinosaurs have escaped form the island.

Jurassic Park :: Essays Papers

Jurassoc ParkA billionaire has created a technique to clone dinosaurs. From the left behind DNA that his crack team of scientists and experts extract he is able to grow the dinosaurs in labs and lock them up on an island behind electrified fences. He has created a sort of theme park on the island which is located dark the west coast of Costa Rica. The island is called Isla Nublar. He plans to have the entire planet come and visit his wondrous marvels. He asks a group of scientists from several divers(prenominal) fields to come and view the park, but something terribly goes wrong when a worker on the island turns against him and shuts down the power. The main characters in the book are sewer Hammond who is a billionaire developer who has used his resources to create the dinosaur filled island cognise as Jurassic Park. He is an old grandfather, and he dies in the book by a dinosaur known as a Procompsognathus. Dr. Alan Grant who is a renowned paleontologist, agrees to visit Jurass ic Park only to find out it is the home of several Dinosaurs. Unlike the icon Dr. Grant loves kids in the book. Dr. Ellie Sattler is a Paleobotinist and Alan Grant who is among the first people to tour Jurassic Park. Tim who is the 11 family old grandson of John Hammond is very into computers and loves Dinosaurs. His 7 year older sister is Alexis. She has a kind of tomboy attitude and loves baseball. Ian Malcom is the Mathematician that uses Chaos Theory to predict disastrous results. Finally there is Dennis Nedry. He was the computer dash whos greed and ambition bring chaos to Jurassic Park. The characters show the greatest difference in the movie and the book. There were many opposites in the characters. One of the manifest differences is that the roles of Tim and Lex were reversed. The book starts off when some of the dinosaurs have escaped form the island.

Hemingway: The Relevance of Biography to Interpretation Essay

Even a cursory examination of the literature addressing Hemingways writing and his life can count overwhelming. The purpose of this paper, however, is to demonstrate that nigh of Hemingways writing can be best understood through elongation to his accept life experiences. This is not meant to pop the question that the text does not at times provide some internal textual indorse regarding the meaning of the makeup as a whole, for it most certainly does, but that external biographical evidence essential also be considered and weighed when interpreting Hemingways bend.In this paper it entrust be suggested that an examination of the external evidence, as it relates to Hemingways feature life experiences, is particularly relevant to any interpretation of decennium Indians or Hills equivalent unobjectionable Elephants and that in these short stories a reconciliation of the external biographical evidence with the internal textual evidence may better aid in understanding the st ories themselves.Significant Biographical Characteristics Machismo and Gender RelationsIn order to better understand Hemingways writing it is necessary to know about the earthly concern himself and some of the major events and experiences which shaped his thought process. With computer address to the short stories specifically addressed in this paper there be cardinal biographical characteristics which seem to aid in efforts to interpret meaning or to otherwise try to make sense of the text. The head start biographical characteristic is often referred to as Hemingways extremely masculine life-style or what some scholars assume referred to as his macho orientation.It is well-established among scholars and historians, for instance, that Hemingway thoroughly enjoyed rigorous physical activities and pursuits it has been noted that Hemingway was known for his highly genuine skills in such human beingsly fields as hunting, fishing, boxing and sailing. ( Harry Sylvester, who used to box with Hemingway frequently, once told me that Hemingway was the strongest man he had ever known. ) (McCaffery 12). He was, in short, an independent-minded writer whom enjoyed physical exertion, challenging himself through a variety of pursuits, and outdoor activities.While some scholars, such as McCaffery, have viewed Hemingways manliness in a positive light there ar some whom have viewed him in a less flattering light indeed, as a trail Hemingway scholar has pointed out Others view his masculinity as negative machismo. They consider him the worst example of a sexist, racist, homophobic man, and often refuse to read or t distributively Hemingway, or make apologies when they do. (Moddelmog 2). Whether grappled or hated, therefore, scholars seem to agree on his manliness and his abrasively macho view of life.For purposes of interpretation, this informs us that though a intelligent writer, and an artist, Hemingway was not the sort of intellectual that was confined to a libra ry or a desk at home quite the contrary, un alike many other writers, he actually did live in many respects the very type of life which he wrote about. His were not speculative musings, or romantic idealizations, but reflections and comments on situations and characters with which he was intimately familiar. Any endeavour to understand or interpret his written work, therefore, must to some extant take note of Hemingways own life experiences and philosophical mind-set..The second biographical characteristic which can aid in the interpretation of Hemingways text more specifically, with respect to Ten Indians and Hills like White Elephants, involves his personal experiences with women and how he dealt with gender issues such as relationships and fatherhood in his writings. Hemingway, to put it mildly, experienced the company of many women and seemed almost forever to have troublesome or difficult relations with the opposite sex. He loved women and yet he seemed to struggle to underst and them in reference to his own lifestyle and psychology.Referring to Hills like White Elephants, iodine researcher has observed that the subtle and dramatic dialogue in Hills Like White Elephants reveals a clear, sensitive portrait of two strong personalities caught in a pattern of miscommunicating due to gender-linked langu eon patterns (Smiley 92) another researcher, referring to Hemingways writing more generally, has argued that he must be understood as a human being whom was never quite comfortable about his own failed or failing marital and/or extramarital relations. (Spilka 299).Gender communication or the lack thereof, particularly that dealing with romantic relationships, is pervasive in Hemingways writing and can to some degree be related to his own life. In sum, external biographical evidence is extraordinarily relevant when attempting to interpret Hemingways writing and it must be considered alongside the internal textual evidence of each written piece of work. Ten In dians An initial and superficial reading of Hemingways Ten Indians suggests a rather common plot in which a junior boy falls in love, in which he is subsequently betrayed, and in which innocence is lost or diminished in the process.In the strident floor, the protagonist is dent Adams and he falls in love with a untested Indian girl whom he apparently adores and whom he trusts feels the same as he does the twist is that she has been spotted with another boy and that Nick is forced to confront the betrayal. The betrayal, however, is not easily predicted it is not easily predicted because Hemingway creates a pleasant shot and a ingenious family atmosphere within which to develop his more depressing plot. Indeed, the protagonistNick Adams returns home to his father after spending a happy Fourth of July with his friends the Garners. Over a late meal of cold chicken and huckleberry pie the father, who made a big shadow on the kitchen wall, informs Nick that his Indian daughter Pru dence Mitchell spent her Fourth of July threshing around in the woods with one Frank Washburn (Carter 103) Everyone had seemed quite happy. The Fourth of July is a joyous occasion for friends and family, and three-year-old Nick Adams is in love.Although scholars have debated Hemingways intentions, because of different conclusions discovered in preliminary and final drafts of the manuscript, it is true that In the final part of the published story, Nick goes into his room after the conversation with his father, gets undressed, and climbs into bed, lying with his face in the pillow and thinking, My hearts broken. If I feel this way my heart must be broken (Nolan n. p. ). Thus, the story would appear to be a familiar one of trust, betrayal, and heartache.Further and more careful readings of the text, however, suggest deeper and, possibly, more metaphorical intentions by Hemingway. If from a superficial point of view the story appears to characterize the move universe of young love therefore from a more careful examination of the text, reference to the aforementioned biographical characteristics and the relevant scholarly literature the story may also be said to characterize the fallen world of a mans sense of orderly nature itself.This notion of metaphor, that the text sets forth a young boys broken heart to epitomize a larger type of close, is persuasive given the context in which Hemingway set the story and given the way in which the destruction of the natural state is simultaneously presented in the text. As an initial matter, it is important to understand that Ten Indians was one of many short stories written by Hemingway which detailed and explored the coming of age of Nick Adams. around scholars have suggested that the protagonist, Nick Adams, was in many ways a personal reflection of Hemingways own coming of age story and that he was an autobiographic figure for Hemingway in certain respects. Indeed, there are several interesting connections betwee n Hemingways personal history and the people and places created in the short story, Ten Indians. First, although Hemingway was born in Illinois, it is commonly understood that he considered his spiritual home to be in loot. This area served as the setting for this particular short story.Second, he relied upon the local Indians of the region to create some of his important characters in fact, he drew upon his real life observations of the Ottawa and Ojibwa Indian tribes. Indeed, the Indians and their country had a obscure effect on Hemingways imagination. From his first attempts at fiction and in his later Nick Adams stories, he would draw upon his experiences at Walloon Lake, using Indian characters and wilderness settings. (Nagel 108) Together, these real life experiences helped Hemingway to create both the setting and many of the main characters for his short stories.In addition to providing inspiration for his setting and characters, there was a deeper action which Hemingways real-life experiences contributed to his writing design in Ten Indians more specifically, drawing upon Indian tribes whose lives had become fundamentally changed through close contact and interaction with a different American culture, Hemingway was able to cleverly depict a metaphorical lesson of innocence lost through the betrayal of Nick Adams by the Indian girl. Nicks innocence, it can be argued, has been destroy in more the same way as the Indian wilderness.Hemingway lamented the modernization which infringed on the forests of northern Michigan and the parallels between the destruction of the wilderness and the destruction of Nick Adams heart are striking. These parallels have been noted by one scholar whom has suggested that Hemingway shows the wilderness being destroyed and, with the loss of the trees, the end of the Indian way of life. This fallen world is the setting of Ten Indians, a story that centers on the adolescent Nick Adamss first disappointment in love as he lear ns that his Indian girlfriend, Prudence Mitchell, has been unfaithful (Nagel 108-109)When examining the text of Ten Indians, therefore, it is important to note these important parallels, Hemingways love of nature and his view of mans place in nature. Literally speaking, Hemingway drew on a familiar and beloved setting and populated much of the story with the type of Indian characters that were well-known to him. Figuratively speaking, or metaphorically speaking, Hemingway managed to link the fallen world of the pristine natural wilderness with the fallen world of a young mans broken heart. It is against this contextual framework that any analysis of Ten Indians must proceed.This is not meant to suggest that either fallen world was the predominant theme to be sure, both the text and the scholarly literature would seem to demonstrate that Hemingway found both the destruction of the wilderness and the destruction of a first love as betrayals that would inevitable shatter an individuals innocence and mark another stage in the coming of age of young boys. A young boy, reconciling the external evidence with the internal evidence, might be better advised enjoying the beauty of the forests than the beauty of insincere wiles of young girls.Hills like White Elephants Although a comparatively short story, Hemingways Hills like White Elephants is full of tension and moral dilemma more specifically, the text appears to suggest that the man and the woman are debating whether the woman should have an miscarriage and what the implications ordain be depending on whether the abortion is done or not done. What is most striking, from a textual analysis, is the contrast between the rather relaxed atmosphere or setting and the deeply personal nature of the discussion.On the one hand, for instance, the man and the woman are relaxing at a train station, drinking alcohol, and waiting for a train. This would seem to imply a happy duette, an anticipated journey, and a relationship tha t leave behind endure at least until the train arrives. These contextual clues, however, are sharply betrayed by the underlying discussion regarding whether the woman, jig, will undergo an operation to have an abortion. hotshot might anticipate some form of closure, some final decision arrived at by the main characters, but instead Hemingway leaves the reader grasping for answers as the story comes to a conclusion.He leaves them grasping for answers because rather than stating what decision has been made, and whether the American and Jig will actually ever see each other again, Hemingway finishes his story without a definitive declaration in either respect. With respect to the operation for the abortion, the woman states that she is willing to have the operation the American man, however, doubts her sincerity. The reader is therefore forced to wonder, as the American wonders, whether the woman is agreeing or temporarily attempting to placate her partner and lover.With respect to t he relationship itself, the reader desiring a firm and resolute statement is go forth grasping for straws. This is because, rather than departing on the train to Madrid together as planned, the American places their bags or luggage at different positions on the platform in advance rejoining Jig. The story then finishes up with the man being suspicious of the womans true motives and convictions and with the placement of the bags providing a possible clue that the relationship is doomed.The couple is together and yet the bags are separate this is where Hemingway leaves his readers and scholars themselves have grappled with both the meaning of the story and the likely outcomes. The scholarly analysis of Hills like White Elephants has traditionally tended to contract upon the use of internal textual clues to determine whether Jig intended to have the operation and the fate of the relationship between Jig and the America more recently, however, some scholars have begun to analyze whet her and to what extant the short story may have been influenced or otherwise inspired by Hemingways own life.This bifurcated strain has been summed up, analyzed, and synthesized by one leading Hemingway scholar whom has stated the scholarly emphasis thusly Two recurring themes in analyses of Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants are the debate over whether or not Jig will carry her pregnancy to term and the search for biographical experiences that may have inspired and influenced the story. (Wyche n. p). This partition will examine each of these scholarly inquiries in turn.The traditional scholarly interest has involved an examination of the text for clues in order to determine whether an abortion was actually pursued and the fate of the couple. A review of the literature reveals at least four possibilities Three different scenarios have been seriously considered the girl will have the abortion (albeit reluctantly) and stay with the man the girl will have the abortion and leave the man or, the girl will not have the abortion, having won the man over to her point of view.However, there is strong support in the narrative for a twenty-five percent outcome that fits in, with the dark overall prognosis presented in other scholarly interpretations the girl will indeed have the abortion, expecting in this way to stay on with the man, but after the operation has been performed, he will abandon her. Various verbal and non-verbal indications found in the story support this interpretation of the narrative, as does the very symbolism of the title itself. (Hashmi n. p. )Although an extended analysis of each scenario is beyond the scope of this paper, a rationale for selecting the most plausible outcome based upon the text is not. The most persuasive outcome would appear to be the fourth more specifically, a superficial reading of the text suggests that Jig will indeed have an abortion and that the American will abandon her despite her attempt to maintain the rel ationship. First, the American places their bags in different parts of the platform. Analyzed literally, this seems to suggest that he doubts her sincerity regarding the abortion and that he is preparing for a separation.Second, they stand together and Jig tells the American that despite the strain of the abortion decision she remains fine. The man has made the decision to separate the bags whereas Jig would appear to believe that things will work out in such a way as to maintain the relationship. The mans actions represent separation whereas Jigs actions and words represent togetherness. It is therefore plausible to argue that she will pursue togetherness by having the abortion and that the man will pursue separation by encouraging the abortion and then abandoning or otherwise terminating the relationship.Although never explicitly stating such a conclusion, the fourth scenario is supported by the aforementioned textual clues. Other scholars have instead centre on Hemingways own li fe in order to understand the story in this way, the abortion issue is treated figuratively rather than literally. As one scholar pursuing this biographically-oriented type of analysis explains While the figurative abortion in Hills Like White Elephants can be understood on the basis of internal evidence, the concept of abortion as metaphor invites consideration of a number of biographical influences on the story, (Wyche n.p. ).While such an analysis requires a reconciling of certain parts of the text with information known about Hemingways personal life there are interesting parallels. One illustration involves the fact that Hemingway has been reported to have said that the birth of his first child led to the dissolution of his first marriage, that he was at the time too young to have become a father, and that the causes ambivalence toward fatherhood is well-documented (Wyche, n. p. ).Against this larger framework, comparing the authors real life with his written work, it may beco me plausible to argue that the scholarship dealing with the outcomes regarding the abortion and the relationship are in actuality tangential or irrelevant concerns insofar as the author was concerned more precisely, it might be argued that Hemingway was merely incorporating difficult moments from his own coming of age experience without intending to offer concrete conclusions.In the final analysis, piece it is both challenging and interesting to explore what Hemingway may have intended as a conclusion, it is perhaps more enlightening to view Hills like White Elephants as a writers reflections about his own past in which firm and absolute conclusions were never intended. Hemingway was placing the reader in his own enclothe and asking what the reader might do, what the reader ought to do, in similar circumstances.Such an interpretation is consistent with the biographical data known about Hemingway and makes the story more powerful and personal by forcing the reader to draw his or he r own conclusions rather than being force-fed a set of conclusions by the author. Conclusion In conclusion, what makes Hemingway so alluring is that he actually lived the type of life that he wrote about.It is therefore impossible to completely separate his own life from his writing as one might be able to do with other writers. As a consequence, interpretation must necessarily involve a balancing act in which external biographical evidence is weighed and considered alongside the internal textual evidence. It is this interplay, between real life and fiction, that perhaps makes Hemingway appear larger than life.

Portfolio Committee Essay

Dear ProfessorUIC Writing sharpen is open to all(prenominal) UIC students who need help with their writing papers at the same time, UIC also has lots of ESL students who view side writing paper as the most contest task. How can Writing Center become more effective for ESL students? Mandy, Duong, and I would like to give some suggestions for Writing Center tutors from the perspectives of ESL students. We used a post point and brochures to help us express our voice.Before starting the power point, we went to the writing center and had an interview with the tutor. We asked questions about the tutoring procedures and the differences between tutoring a native slope speaker and an English Language Learner. After that, we knew that most ESL students perplex the basic English skills when they got accepted to UIC. Therefore, tutors can communicate with them by speaking simple English and ESL students will have no problems in understanding. However, not a lot ESL student would like going to Writing Center for help. What keeps ESL students away from Writing Center and how can Writing Center help more ESL students become more successful in their writing papers?There are many barriers for ESL students attack to Writing Center. For example, many ESL students have no confident with their English, and they feel shameful and timid when talking to tutors who are English Native Speakers. If students talk little, tutors will wind up explaining because tutors assume students know that. As a result, many ESL students found Writing Center was useless for them and stopped coming. Making tutors and ESL students communicate and understand each other(a) better is the key to defecate a successful tutoring session. My group suggests tutors make a goal with ESL students together at the beginning of the session based on what ESL students need and to be enthusiastic. We want our power point to explain the barriers and to give suggestions in short. We put key points to remind ourselv es when presenting.We also want to the textand pictures have the equal amount so that our audience can have better understanding of our presentation and listening to us. We selected some key points from the power point to make our brochure for audiences to take away and read. We used simple words to make sure e rattlingbody could understand our brochures and used a lot pictures to attract audiences. The presentation was short, and very few people asked questions. It may be due to the fact that my audience is tutors who have learned those tips in their classes. If I could have a chance to modify my presentation, I would make prepare more to talk and ask questions instead asking my audience to give feedback.Sincerely yours,Lin

Blizzards vs Hurricanes

1 2 In 1903 W. E. B. DuBois has said that race was to be the most important issue of the 20th century. This paper examines how the race conundrum has unfolded in 20th century America, from the immigrations and United States imperialism to the Ku Klux Klan. The paper looks at what happened to help the issues with race why it took so long for America to pass the civil Rights round. Finally, the paper looks at the progress made in America in the latter part of the century. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination that was based on your race, color, religion and up to now national origin in employment and public accommodations.Then the Voting Rights Act in 1965 that restored and also protected voting rights. In 1965 the Immigration and Nationality Services Act that opened entry to the United States to the immigrants other than just traditional. These acts I believe helped lighten the United States and solve some of the race and immigrant issues due to Civil War. At the fed eral level , the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act and the Fair Housing Act were the highest of the political struggle to improve legislation. But long before these milestones, race-specific policy changed rapidly at the state level.It was unfair to the diffusion of anti-discrimination policy that provides the opportunities to be fitted to study the political economy. Also the effects of the policies before the federal coverage applied a comparatively uniform standard to most places at the same time. In the first two decades were the most intense and some people have said that it was the lowest point for Black Americans since the Civil War ended. The regularise of the land was the segregation and separation. This caused issues African Americans had to ride in separate railroad cars, their own drinking water fountain and most of all the black Americans even had their own court houses and hotels. Can you imagine how the black Americans felt? To make matters seem worse the bla ck Americans even had to use their own facilities and were not satisfactory to sit in the front bus, only in the back. The exsanguinouss had much better facilities than the black Americans did. When a black man was accused by a any(prenominal) white person of having an affair with a white woman, a crime or a different kind of charge, they would become lynched. Lynching is known for pause and it became a public event for the white men, women and even the children.The whites would hang the body, torture it and the burn the body. This became such a popular horrifying event, that between 60 to 80 black men were lynched each year from the years of 1905 to 1915. I could not even imagine how the children felt seeing this. From the years 1900-1914, the White Supremacist called KKK known as the Ku Klux Klan, was started by a small group of whites from the mhoernmost. The KKK were mad at the fact that the African Americans got their freedom and that the war ended but most of all that th e south had lost all their slaves. They did not know how to react.Their revenge was to torture and kill the African Americans just because they got freedom and that they are not the souths slaves anyto a greater extent . By 1924 there were more than 4 million KKK men in the United States. Griffith To this day the KKK still exists and think the same panache they had years ago. There are some people still do believe like the whites did after the Civil War, black Americans have way more freedom now than they ever did. For example black and whites are now allowed to marry, all can use the same bathrooms, busses and be satisfactory to eat in the same restaurants. In my opinion I do not think that all the racial and segregation should have been a problem because we are all the same people just different skin color and some of our beliefs. White people have different beliefs than other white people but they do not hate each other or want to kill them. 5 References http//americanracedescr imination. wordpress. com/2011/01/27/1900-1914-racism-kkk/ Bowles, Mark. D, American History 1865-Present blockade of Isolation http//www. nber. org/reporter/winter06/collins. RACE IN TURN

Culinarian Cookware Case Study Essay

To some extent, it makes sense. Culinarian takes a good advantage of utilizing push furtherance for their premium cookware products. Beca substance abuse 55% of consumers with income over $75000 would be drawn to stores with attractive displays or informed staff to shop for cookware. In addition, 20% of them would respond to a sale and only 10% would respond to multimedia advertising. At the same time, Culinarian have sales 12 visits per year while other competitors only have 6. It also offers a higher retail border for its products which is 52% and builds an incentive program for retail clerks. According to the above analysis, the majority of the market would respond positively to the push tactics. However, Culinarians pull promotions are relatively ineffective. Managers of Culinarian always focus so much on advertising expense which is higher than average, that is, 4% of sales versus 3% of premium competitors. Meanwhile, some of them ignore that hurt promotions are beneficial t o a pull strategy.3. Was the 2004 promotion profitable? Calculate the profitability using Browns and theconsultants logic. How would you calculate it?According to the practice incremental contribution impact =(actual units * actual contribution forecast units * normal contribution) We can calculate the profitability of Browns $23.76 * 184,987units $33.36 * 59,871units = $2397994.56 The consultants $10.35 * 184,987units $19.95 * 119,504units = $469489.35 number contribution Nonpromoted 20% promotionBrown $33.36=($72-$38.64) $23.76=($62.4-$38.64)The consultant $19.95 $10.35So, according to Browns logic, the promotion of 2004 is profitable. However, using the consultants logic, it can conclude that it upset profit.4. . What are some other possible promotion strategies for Culinarian? Recommend whetherCulinarian should run a 2007 price promotion. Which promotion/terms (which products topromote, how, how much, when, how frequently, and for how long) would you suggest.Other promotio n strategiesA. We can use contests as a promotion strategy for Culinarian. Because people like to win prizes, if consumers take part in those contests, it has a good opportunity to promote its gull and put its logo and name in front of the public rather than make money through a hard-sell campaign.B. Another way is to encourage genuine customers to refer new customers to shop Culinarians products, which is the referral incentive program. We can use free products, big discounts and cash rewards as the incentives you can use. It is a great promotion strategy to leverage Culinarians customer base.Suggestions of 2007 price promotionThe company should run a price promotion in 2007. It can promote the boxed in(p) set of cookware, because considering cookware bought as gifts would help gain more market shares. And the promotion should occur from April to July, in order to capture the majority of the wedding market. approximate that if a person buy a 5 tour set for a wedding , and then the newly married couple may assume some more items and would purchase them at full retail. This Price promotion will not cheapen the prestigious image because the cookware will so far be priced in the premium cookware price range. Besides, it still should be a 20% discount for consumers who purchase on all 5 piece sets or sometimes 3 or single piece items and retailers can take a 48% margin on the items.

A Kinetic Study of the Base Catalyzed Cleavage

The University of Lethbridge Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 A KINETIC STUDY OF THE BASE CATALYZED CLEAVAGE OF DIACETONE ALCOHOL USING A DILATOMETER The decomposition of diacet angiotensin-converting enzyme alcohol into cardinal molecules of acetone is catalyzed by hydroxide ions and is an example of an aldol condensation in reverse. O OH OHO 2CH3-C-CH3 CH3-C-CH2-C(CH3)2 The rate of decomposition is premier- rescript with respect to the concentrations of some(prenominal) diacetone alcohol and hydroxide ion Rate = kOH-diacetone alcohol (1)However, since hydroxide ion is a catalyst its concentration remains constant during the reception. The overall reaction appears first-order (i. e. is a pseudo first order reaction) and follows the observable rate law Rate = k diacetone alcohol where k = k OH- (2) Since the overall reaction is first-order we can study the kinetics of the reaction by measuring any(prenominal) property of the system t hat undergoes a change which is proportional to the fulfilment of reaction. Such a property in this case is the book of the reaction termination.The effective loudness of one molecule of diacetone alcohol is non the same as the effective volume of two molecules of acetone and as a ensue the total volume of the reaction resolving power changes as the reaction proceeds. In this case the etymon expands although in some reactions it contracts. A straightforward instrument for measuring volume changes is a dilatometer which consists of a glass myeline to which is attached a thermionic vacuum furnish with a stopcock (for fill the myelin) and also a piece of long capillary tubing.The bulb is filled with reaction solution to the point where liveniness just enters the capillary tube and then the stopcock on the filling tube is closed. As the solution expands it does so into the capillary tube ca development the semilunar cartilage in the tube to rise. By measuring the distanc e up the capillary tube that the meniscus travels one has a measure of the volume change. One can determine the actual volume change if the crosssectional area of the capillary is known but even that is not necessary in this experiment.Since the position of the meniscus in the capillary column can be measured accurately using a cathetometer, this is a unspoiled experiment to test the Guggenheim method for determining first-order rate constants (refer to Appendix A on First-order Reactions). In this method readings are generally made at measure t0, t1, t2, t3, etc. , with each reading Page 2 1 Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 taken at a constant, accurately hardened time interval after the preceding measurement. The resulting data list is divided into equal halves.For example, if there are 20 readings taken at times t 0 t19 with corresponding measurements P0 P19, the data would be divided in two between readings P9 at t 9 and P10 at t10. Next, the differences between the measurements in the two data sets are taken, i. e. , P0-P10, P1-P11, P2-P12, etc. Notice that the time interval between each pair of readings is constant. Finally a plot of the natural logarithm of the differences against time, i. e. , ln(P0-P10), ln(P1-P11), vs. t0, t 1, should yield a straight line of slope -k, the first-order rate constant.Apparatus Cathetometer, 3 dilatometers, timer. A dilatometer is a device for measuring the expansion (or contraction) of a liquid. Ours is of relatively simple design and was made locally by Luis Delgado from various pieces of glassware. It consists of an expansion bulb to which is attached a fine capillary tube with a narrow and hopefully uniform bore. The expansion tube is connected at the other end to a filling tube through a stopcock. When the stopcock is closed, a solution in the expansion tube can only expand up the capillary tube.The volume of liquid in a capillary or cylinder is given by the cross-sectional area, A, of the cylinder tim es its length, l (V = A x l). Thus by measuring the travel, ? l, of the liquid up the capillary tube one has a quantity that is proportional to the change in volume of the reaction mixture (? V = A x ? l). As a result one can follow first order reactions with a dilatometer and use the first order equation ln (lo l? ) / (lt l? )= kt Stopcock Capillary tube Filling tube Expansion bulb (3) A Dilatometer and other equations such as the Guggenheim equation that are derived from it to analyze the results.This assumes that ? l (and therefore ? V) is proportional to the extent of reaction. One moldiness be careful with thermostating when using a dilatometer. A dilatometer, after all, is a glorified thermometer and a quite sensitive one at that. Thus the apparatus and the reaction solution must be pre-equilibrated to the temperature of the reaction. The Page 2 2 Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 dilatometer is filled by pouring reaction mixture into the filling tube. Try to pour down the centre of the tube and not down the walls of the tube.Also do not fill the filling tube above the level of the wet in the water bathtub because the part of the filling tube above water level will not be well thermostated. Next the reaction mixture must be forced into the expansion bulb by use of a rubber bulb applied to the top opening of the filling tube. Often air bubbles become trapped just below the stopcock. These can be removed by sucking back with the rubber bulb. Continue to add more reaction mixture to the filling tube, as necessary. Force reaction mixture into the expansion bulb until the liquid level reaches the top of the bulb just below the capillary tube.Stop forcing liquid into the bulb and allow the liquid level to rise into the capillary tube as a result of the flow of liquid from the filling tube to the expansion bulb. DO NOT FORCE LIQUID INTO THE CAPILLARY TUBE. Close the stopcock. The dilatometer is now speedy for making measurements of the meniscus heig ht. The cathetometer is a device for measuring the relative height of the liquid column in the capillary. It consists of a vertical steel rod with a scale marked along its length and a telescope that runs up and down the rod.In operation one measures the height of the liquid column by miserable the telescope so that the cross-hair is focussed on the meniscus of the liquid column. The position of the telescope (and thus the meniscus) is then read off the scale on the submit with the aid of a vernier. Ensure that you can read the vernier scale (refer to Appendix B on Reading a Vernier) and can sour the telescope (focus, movement up and down, and leveling) before proceeding with measurements. Reagents Diacetone alcohol, 0. 40 M NaOH. Waste Disposal A 4-litre bottle for the collection of turn backs is supplied with the observational set up.All excess stock reagents and reaction solutions should be disposed of in this bottle. The glassware can then be given a single small rinse in to the waste container before being cleaned further in the sink. In preparing reaction solutions only remove as much reagent from the stock container as is necessary to make the reaction mixtures. Page 2 3 Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 Procedure Notes 1) In order to finish this lab in the time allotted, students must be well organized and prepared to wampum this experiment at the beginning of the period. 2) The 0. 40 M NaOH solution will need to be standardize by each group.This can be done before or after the experiment is completed, but must be done before the calculations for the inform are started. Students can arrange a suitable time for this with their instructor. (Note A similar task was performed in Chemistry coke0 lab it may be helpful for you to review that procedure. ) Three kinetic runs should be performed at hydroxide ion concentrations of approximately 0. 100, 0. 200 and 0. 400 M. Prepare 100 mL each of 0. 100 M and 0. 200 M sodium hydroxide solutions fr om the 0. 400 M solution provided. Allow a dilatometer to thermostat in the 25 C water bath. Pipette exactly 50 mL of 0. 00 M NaOH solution into a 200 mL Erlenmeyer flask, stopper the flask, and allow it to thermostat in the bath as well. When the dilatometer and sodium hydroxide solution have been thermostated for at least 10 minutes, start the reaction by adding with a pipette 2 mL of diacetone alcohol into the flask containing the 50 mL of 0. 100 M NaOH solution. Stopper the flask, shake it vigorously to ensure mixing and then let it stand in the water bath for a short period to allow the bubbles to settle. Pour the settled solution into the filling tube of the dilatometer and proceed to fill the dilatometer as outlined above.When the solution enters the capillary close the stopcock on the filling tube ensuring that no bubbles remain in the bulb. Clamp the dilatometer firmly in place in the bath so that the expansion bulb is covered with water. Commence reading the height of the meniscus in the capillary column with the cathetometer and continue to do so at exactly 3-minute intervals for at least 15 readings (45 minutes). The first reading can be obtained by clamping the telescope so that the cross-hair is just above the meniscus start the clock as the meniscus climbs to the crosshair. Because the telescope inverts its image, the meniscus will appear to be below the cross-hair when it is actually above and the meniscus will appear to be travelling down when it is actually travelling up the capillary. ) Subsequent readings will require close cooperation between lab partners. One person should follow the meniscus with the telescope while the other partner gives out the time so that the first partner can clamp the telescope in position at exactly 3-minute intervals. Page 2 4 Chemistry 2740 Laboratory Experiment 2 When the readings have been completed put the dilatometer aside and proceed to the second experiment.While the first experiment is being performed, the dilatometer and the 50 mL of sodium hydroxide solution for the second experiment should be clamped in the bath to thermostat. Repeat the procedure using 0. 200 M NaOH and 0. 400 M NaOH in place of 0. 100 M NaOH and with time intervals of 1. 5 and 0. 75 minutes respectively. In the case of the run using 0. 400 M NaOH, allow the reaction to go to completion and then read the height of the meniscus. Before leaving the laboratory, please enter names, date, and experimental data into the computer. DO NOT FORGET TO ENTER YOUR STANDARDIZATION DATA INTO THE COMPUTER ONCE YOU HAVE OBTAINED IT.Calculations and Report Use the Guggenheim method to calculate the manifest first-order rate constants (k) for each run. For the last run, also calculate k using equation (3). Compare the rate constants calculated by the two methods and discuss the rigourousness of using the Guggenheim method to calculate rate constants (i. e. discuss if the value calculated using the Guggenheim method compares fa vourably to the value calculated using the standard method). betoken the second-order rate constants (k) in each case and discuss this confirmation of the first-order dependence on hydroxide ion concentration. Page 2 5

Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle

The catamenial cps is a cyclic process in females that, on average, occurs every 28 days. The purpose of the menstrual cycle is to help prep be the body for potential fertilization, implantation, and, consequently, pregnancy. The happenings of the menstrual cycle are consequences of the simultaneously occurring ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. The ovarian cycle occurs in the ovaries and carries out the follicular phase, which spans the first 14 days of a new menstrual cycle. The result is ovulation.The uterine cycle works concurrently with the ovarian cycle and carries out the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases. Hormonally, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released in the hypothalamus and travels to the anterior pituitary of the brain, thus increasing levels of follicule-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH). The brain make believes directly on the follicle cells (in the follicular phase) and the corpus luteum (in the luteal phase) to stimulate a response.The result of hormonal secretions of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary along with the ovarian and uterine cycle is menstruation. The overall cycle is regulated by the hormones that result from a release of GnRH from the brain. Negative feedback occurs in the early follicular phase and luteal phase of th ovarian cycle as GnRH is released, which causes an ontogenesis in FSH and LH levels in the anterior pituitary. In the early follicular phase, these hormones send signals through neurotransmitters that reach receptors on follicle cells and follicular development is enhanced.Simultaneously, blood plasm levels of oestrogen increase and return to the brain to hinder continued LH and FSH secretion. At the end of the follicular phase, positive feedback occurs as high estrogen levels are passed back to the brain and estrogen continues to amount to high levels. In the luteal phase, the brain sends hormonal signals to the corpus luteum. As a result, levels of estrogen and progesterone are heightened and progesterone is fed back to the brain to maintain stable levels of LH and FSH.This demonstrates how brain function and hormonal regulation carry out essential, interlinking processes in the body, such as those of the menstrual cycle. The ovaries originally contain primordial follicles, which are made up of an oocyte (an immature egg) and a layer of follicle cells that envelops it. In the head start stages of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, some of these follicles start to develop, becoming granulosa cells. A fluid-filled cavity called an antrum appears in the follicle and begins to increase in size only to eventually immerse the oocyte.The follicle is now called the Graafian follicle, which soon bursts, and the oocyte leaves the ovary and travels into the fallopian tube, spurring ovulation. The leftover Graafian follicle becomes what is called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum (yellow body) is a gland that cloaks estrogen and prog esterone when the menstrual cycle is not in full swing. If fertilization of the oocyte ensues, the corpus luteum remains intact for a fair amount of time in order to regulate the release of estrogen and progesterone.If the oocyte fails to become fertilized, the corpus luteum will disintegrate relatively quickly. At the point of the follicle rupturing, there is a major spike in LH and FSH plasma levels. The uterine cycle is carried out in lead phases. The menstrual phase begins on the first day of the menstrual cycle and corresponds with the follicular phase. It lasts about three to five days and sheds the uterine lining. During this phase is when actual menstruation occurs due to a decline in estrogen and progesterone plasma levels that occurred because the corpus luteum had to the full deteriorated.The inner lining of the uterus, the endometrium, has blood vessels that now narrow and the endometrial tissue begins to die and shed from the uterus. As it sheds, blood vessels burst an d blood and tissue are dispelled from the vagina. The proliferative phase is adjoining and allows the uterus to refurbish as blood vessels become engulfed again, allowing the uterine lining to thicken. It occurs around day five and lasts until day xiv, when ovulation has happened. During the proliferative phase, estrogen levels peak.The next phase is the secretory phase, which creates a setting that readily allows for embryo development as glands become engorged due to increased blood flow and secrete fluids that contain glycogen that may act as a food source of glucose for a potential embryo. The secretory phase lasts about the last fourteen days of the menstrual cycle-at the same time as the luteal phase. By the end of this cycle, the corpus luteum has completely diminished and, because it can no longer act as a source of stimulation for estrogen and progesterone release, these two hormone levels drop and menstruation commences as the menstrual phase begins again.Works Cited Bow en, R. Luteinizing and Follicle Stimulating Hormones. Arbl. cvmbs. colostate. edu. 13 May 2004. Web. 09 Feb. 2011. . Cohen, Hilary. Menstrual Cycle Home. Endocrinology of the Menstrual Cycle. 2000. Web. 09 Feb. 2011. . Stanfield, Cindy L. , William J. Germann, Mary Jane. Niles, and Joseph G. Cannon. Principles of Human Physiology. San Francisco Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Print.

Development in Moroccan Economy Essay

Economic Environment Development of the Moroccan Economy The Moroccan economy is know for its macroeconomic stability. Inflation rates have always been relatively low, mainly due(p) to the countrys restrictive currency regime. Morocco has been characterised by moderate to senior high school harvest-tide rates. The country has benefited from its low labour cost and strategic location near the atomic number 63an mainland. Morocco has experienced a stronger growth than usual since the year 2000, caused by improved weather conditions, a strong export growth and various liberalizing policies.These liberalizing policies have been introduced by King Mohammed VI in 2003. He came up with a number of economic reforms resulting in a growth of the small modern manufacturing sector and the development of the tourism industry. He has put his main focus on the European Union since the Free Trade capital of New Hampshire in the year 2000. Moroccos Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has steadily gone u p since 2002. harmonise to statistics of Datamonitor 360 the GDP in 2002 was about 40 billion sawbuck, in 2010 the GDP had grown to approximately 60 billion dollar. That is a rise of 50% in only eight years time.The World Factbook from the CIA mentions that in 2010 Morocco ranked number 58 in the orbit when it comes to the GDP. The real GDP growth rate has non been negative since 2002. In 2010 Morocco ranked number 77 in the world of real GDP growth. The lowest growth rate was about 2,5% in 2005 and 2007 and peeked with 7,5% in 2006. This could have possibly been caused by the Free Trade Agreement with the United States of America, which was introduced in 2006. I will further explain the results of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU and the USA later on in this chapter.The three main sectors industry, service and agriculture, all grew steadily the past ten years. In 2009 the service sector was the biggest sector and contributed 49,4% to the GDP, the industry sector came second with 31,3% followed by the agriculture with 19,2%. Morocco has a profitable industry sector, mainly because of its large amounts of phosphate. Tourism plays a big consumption in the service sector. The tourism industry has remained vibrant despite the Casablanca bombings in 2003 and 2007. Moroccos external carry on has also been increasing steadily, with only a discount decrease in 2009.However, the total external trade steady grew from 25,7 billion dollars in 2002 to 77,6 billion dollars in 2009. This is a growth of 51,9 billion dollars, which is a growth percentage of approximately 202%. Even though Moroccos economy has been doing well the past decade, the unemployment rate is still relatively high. During the period from 2002 to 2008 the unemployment rate was at least(prenominal) 11%. In 2007 a small decrease of unemployment of 300 thousand took place, still leaving 1,1 million people unemployed. By the end of 2008 the unemployment rate was 9,6%.In 2009 a total of 93,000 ne w jobs got created resulting in a decrease to 9,1% by the end of 2009. We can conclude that the overall Moroccan economy has shown a somewhat good development, but there is still a lot more to improve. The government has been running(a) on new reforms that should lead to better argument conditions in the country. International Financial Crisis Morocco together with Algeria and Tunisia has been one of the least affected countries by the international financial crisis. The international financial crisis started with the credit crunch in the US.Morocco has not been affected by this so-called credit crunch, because Morocco does not have the kind of credit that caused the American credit crunch. Besides this Morocco had minimal exposure to foreign assets. Morocco did til now get affected by the international financial crisis as soon as it hit Europe. The Western European crisis resulted in diminishing growth rates. The crisis in Europe did not only slow down Moroccan export rates, bu t also the tourism industry. As European unemployment rates increased, many Moroccans working abroad lost their jobs, causing a decline in remittances.Morocco has been able to keep the negative effects of the international financial crisis to a minimum due to its good macroeconomic policy, an open economy, clear trade policies and several investment opportunities with emerging countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Because of the effects the financial crisis has had in Europe and the US, Gulf investors are expected to invest in African countries and the Middle East. At the end of 2008 Gulf investors announced a 1,7 billion US dollar investment in real estate in Morocco.These investments and planned reforms will make sure the Moroccan economy will continue to grow in the future. Effects FTA US and EU Moroccos economy has largely benefited from the free trade agreements it has made with the European Union and the United States. In 1996 Morocco signed an acquaintance agreement w ith the European Union. The association became effective on March 1, 2000. The free trade agreement with the EU is mainly applied on industrial products and precisely any agricultural products. The objective is to have completely free trade between Morocco and the EU by 2012.In 2010 the EU proposed a new trade deal with Morocco to include duty-free trade in agricultural, food and fisheries products. On June 15, 2004 Morocco also signed a free trade agreement with the USA, which became effective on January 1, 2006. For America this was the second Arab-US free trade agreement and the first African-US free trade agreement. During a video of the Moroccan American Trade and Investment Council the counselor-at-law to King Mohammed VI for financial and economic affairs says about the FTA with the US We want to put Morocco as a platform for business with Europe, with the US, with Asia, China, Africa, Middle East.It was piece of music of a global vision of Morocco. Mr. Hassan, the presid ent of the Moroccan Business Association says during the same video The Morocco US free trade agreement is a large opportunity for the Moroccan economy. Due to the free trade agreements many American and European businesses have opened establishments in Morocco. These businesses have employed thousands of Moroccans causing a decline in the unemployment rate of the country. Both free trade agreements have been a huge step in the right direction for Morocco.The country still has a lot of poverty and unemployment much more is needed to solve the countrys issues. However, the country is one of the most stable African and Arab nations. authoritative Economic System Morocco has a relatively liberal market economy regulated by supply and demand. From 1993 onwards there has been a policy of privatization. The heritage foundation, a research and educational institution, has come up with an index of economic freedom. This index makes it possible to measure the economic freedom in countri es around the world.The world average score on the index of 2011 is 59. 7 out of 100 points. Moroccos overall score is 59. 6, only a tenth point chthonian the world average. Morocco is the 93rd country on the 2011 world rank of economic freedom. The regional average of the Middle East and North Africa is 60. 6, which makes Morocco the 10th country on the propensity of 17 regional countries. The overall score is determined by ten economic freedoms. In figure below the ranking of all ten decompose economic freedoms of Morocco compared to the world average is shown.The most important economic freedom for this specific country report is business freedom. The business freedom represents the procedures for setting up and registering a private enterprise and the possibilities of private investment and production. In figure you can clearly see the Moroccan business freedom compared to the Dutch business freedom. King Mohammed VI has come up with many economic and non-economic reforms o ver the years. The two largest current reforms are the Plan Maroc Vert (Green Plan) and the Plan Emergence.

Data Collection Method

the interrogati atomic number 53r utilize Quantitative entropy collection methods. Using qualitative data collection method, it rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit several(a) experiences into predetermined response categories. They produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. Quantitative research is concerned with showing hypotheses derived from system and/or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question, thespians may be randomly assigned to different treatments.If this is not feasible, the police detective may collect data on participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the investigator will employ probability sampling to select participants. From this research, the researcher used q uestionnaires and surveying technique in collecting data. In the surveying techniques, it involves direct questioning of respondents about price.The researcher can choose whether to present the respondent with a range of possible prices, or force a response with no point of reference other than the concept and the question. While, for the questionnaires, researcher used the Web found questionnaire and structured questionnaire. By using web based questionnaire, it is the use of Internet based research. This would mean receiving an electronic mail on which would click on an address that would take to a secure web-site to fill in a questionnaire. This type of research is often quicker and slight detailed.People might be in a hurry to complete it and so might not give accurate responses. In this research ,researcher used of 2500 questionnaires mailed. While, for the incorporated questionnaire, it is the structure of the someone questions requires respondents to qualify their price based on an implied assumption about quality. The structure of the individual questions also was designed to capture consumers willingness to pay more for the five common wood products, given environmental certification.Respondents were given a non- prove price for each of the five products and asked to identify the price they were willing to pay for an environmentally certified product. DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Researcher have analyzed their data using data depth psychology techniques. Data analysis techniques that stated in this research includes, factor analysis, correlation, ANOVA, Chi Square, and descriptive statistics. Factor analysis( maximum likelihood with varimax rotation) was conducted on 20 items. This resulted in a reduction to five underlying factors.The factors were subjected to scale testing with resulting Cronbach alpas ranging from 0. 62 ( involvement in Certification) to 0. 90(importance of Certification). Correlation analysis . Correlation analysis is used by t he researcher to test the relationship between factored. All hypothesized relationships were found to be significant and all but one was found to be directionally as hypothesized. Price was found to be positively correlated to consumer willingness to pay for certified wood products, the inference being that consumers perceive incremental value in certified products.ANOVA . Analysis of sectionalisation (ANOVA) is a data analytic technique based on the idea of comparing explained variance with undetermined variance, kind of like a comparison of the coefficient of determination with the coefficient of alienation. It uses a rather unique computational design which involves squaring almost every column of numbers. ANOVA techniques was used to test the hypotheses of no difference between the crowd means in this research. Chi square.In this research, researcher used chi square. A technique designed for less than interval level data is chi-square and the most common forms of it are the chi-square test for contingency and the chi-square test for independence. The chi-square test for contingency is interpreted as a strength of association measure, while the chi-square test for independence (which requires two samples) is a nonparametric test of significance that essentially rules out as much sampling flaw and chance as possible.In this research it used chi square for the purpose of compared consumer segments on selected demographic characteristics. The consumer segments compared on selected demographic characteristics includes democrat, and environmental group member. Descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistic used in this research to measures of central drift of mean. Examples include descriptive analysis of age, gender, education level, income level, republican , political view, democrat and environmental group member.

Illegal Immigration Issues

contraband in-migration Issues 1 Marcus Hallett AP Human geography Immigration Essay 07 February 2011 How Should Politicians Decide on punishable Immigration Issues? In the unify States, immigration indemnity decisions are capable of gaining or costing this country trillions of dollars. Political choices now could change the future of millions of lives. Choices contend immigration could cost the U. S. countless jobs, including those of native U. S. citizens and naturalized immigrants. Consider how Texas, Connecticut, Florida, and North Dakota handle this controversial issue. First, reach how Texas, a articulate on the Mexico-U. S. order, deals with immigration issues. It is estimated that 1. 7 million unauthorized immigrants reside in the produce of Texas. (CNN, 2010) The state is currently considering new faithfulnesss to require all immigrants to have proof of citizenship on their person at all times. This would likewise allow law en compelment officers to arrest whats oeverone appearing to be from other country (racial profiling) who do not carry citizenship papers with them. (The Huffington Post, 2010) Judging from local comments on the NBC Dallas-Fort Worth political news page, the general view from citizens and politicians alike seems to be against immigration. NBC Dallas-Fort Worth, 2010) Now consider the immigration laws in Connecticut. In the city of saucy Haven, beginning in 2007, felonious immigrants were able to obtain ID cards from the local political relation. New Haven Illegal Immigration Issues 2 was the first United States city to offer this. (US Immigraton Support)Also in 2007, Connecticut became the eleventh state to offer illegal immigrants that graduate from high school eligibility to pay the in-state resident tuition to attend any of the states public colleges. Medina, 2007) This shows that the government in Connecticut seems to be fairly tolerant of illegal immigration and may be inclined to vote for immigration reform in support of change magnitude immigration and naturalization. Next, look at immigration policies in Florida. Due to its proximity to the Caribbean and other Atlantic islands banging numbers of immigrants, both legal and illegal, reside in the state. In late 2010 the Florida government proposed a law requiring law enforcement to check for valid citizenship on anyone thought to be an unauthorized immigrant when stopped for violation of another law. Liston, 2010) This shows that Floridas government is becoming less passive on how it treats illegal immigration issues. Now, consider immigration in North Dakota. The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services estimates that there are fewer than 2,500 illegal immigrants in the state. (StateMaster. com)North Dakota, therefore, may have a much open viewpoint on the subject. When making decisions on immigration, politicians should realise into consideration how their decisions affect peoples lives. If large scale raids occur it can cause mental trauma to the families of those arrested and deported.Notice what one author has to say on the matter Raids inevitably affect kids around of these kids are U. S. citizens and most are 10 and under. After a large-scale raid, community members scramble to get under ones skin and rearrange care for the children Some immigrant families hid in their homes and basements for Illegal Immigration Issues 3 days or weeks following(a) the raids because they were afraidThese experiences induce emotional and psychological problems, and behavioral changes like changing sleep patterns, loss of appetite, and more aggressive behaviors.In the most serious cases, they experience depression, separation anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal thoughts. (Casteneda, 2007) Another affaire politicians should consider when voting upon immigration laws is the economy. According to the American Immigration Council if unauthorized immigrants were legalized it could result in the U S vernacular Domestic Product to increase by at least . 84 percent. This would also gain the number of jobs available in the US. Mass deportation of illegal immigrants could result in the United States Gross Domestic Product being reduced by 1. 6 percent. Over ten grades this would summate to a loss of $2. 6 trillion. The Center for American Progress estimates that over a five year timespan the total cost of mass deportation would amount to $206 230 billion. (Immigration Policy Center and Center for American Progress, 2010) These choices also affect the workforce. If all immigrant dairy workers in the United States were removed, the U. S. economic output would be reduced by $22 billion, and 133,000 workers would lose their jobs, including legalized and native-born citizens. National Milk Producers Federation, 2009) It is evident that choices made within the next few years can shape the United States population, economy, and culture. If this key issue is not handled properly it could cost trillions of dollars, plunging the United States even deeper into debt. If politicians put aside their xenophobic, prejudice views and overly partisan stances and work together, this country could be Illegal Immigration Issues 4 pulled out of this deep recession and could become a strong, economically powerful force for peace. Illegal Immigration Issues References Casteneda, R. (2007, December 6). Five Questions for Rosa Castaneda. Retrieved from http//www. urban. org/toolkit/fivequestions/RCastaneda. cfm CNN. (2010, February 10). Fewer unauthorized immigrants in U. S. in 2009, government says. News, . Retrieved February 6, 2011, from http//articles. cnn. com/2010-0210/us/illegal. immigrants_1_unauthorized-population-unauthorized-immigrants-pewhispanic-center-report? _s=PMUS Liston, B. (2010, August 11). Florida AG proposes tougher illegal immigrant curbs. Reuters. Orlando. Retrieved from http//www. euters. com/article/2010/08/11/us-usa-immigrationflorida-idUSTRE67A2XS201 00811 Medina, J. (2007, June 2). Bill to come down Tuition for Illegal Immigrants Passes in Connecticut. The New York Times. New York. Retrieved from http//www. nytimes. com/2007/06/02/nyregion/02conn. hypertext mark-up language? _r=1 National Milk Producers Federation. (2009). THE frugal IMPACTS OF IMMIGRATION ON U. S. DAIRY FARMS (Survey). Retrieved from http//www. nmpf. org/files/file/NMPF%20Immigration%20Survey%20Web. pdf NBC Dallas-Fort Worth. (2010, April 28). Texas Rep Wants to Import AZ Immigration Law.NBC Dallas-Fort Worth. News, . Retrieved February 6, 2011, from http//www. nbcdfw. com/news/ government/Rep-Wants-AZ-Immigration-Law-in-Texas92305354. html StateMaster. com. (n. d. ). Estimated number of Illegal Immigrants (most recent) by state. StateMaster. com. Retrieved February 6, 2011, from Illegal Immigration Issues 6 http//www. statemaster. com/graph/peo_est_num_of_ill_imm-people-estimated-numberillegal-immigrantssource The Huffington Post. (2010, November 10). Texa s Immigration Law Under Proposal Would Resemble Arizona? s Hard-Line Approach.The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2010/11/10/texas-immigration-law-wou_n_780933. html US Immigraton Support. (n. d. ). Immigration to Connecticut. US Immigraton Support. Retrieved February 6, 2011, from http//www. usimmigrationsupport. org/connecticut. html Marcus Hallett Digitally signed by Marcus Hallett DN CN = Marcus Hallett, OU = Comodo Trust Network epitome NOT VALIDATED Reason I am the author of this document Location Morristown, Tennessee, USA naming 2011. 02. 06 215147 -0500 2012 Marcus Hallett. All Rights Reserved.

The Pros and Cons to Physical Education

The Pros and Cons of Physical Education Most of us remember gym sectionalisation. For many of us, it was the to the highest degree detest or the most anticipated class. Those that were a little bit heavier or non as athletically be given may remember the class as a nightm atomic number 18, while opposites may remember it as the most exciting time of the day. Either way, fleshly breeding was required. Today, however, the necessity of fleshly education classes is up for debate. P atomic number 18nts, faculty, council members, and level(p) the government ar weighing the pros and cons of allowing physical education in school.I believe that even though the championship being employ to pay for equipment and gymnasiums could be better spent on books and materials for other classes, physical education should stay in school because it provides wellnessy wield for peasantren and teens. It also gives the less fortunate but merit children a chance to contribute and excel in spor ts. Obesity is a huge concern in America today. We see more children, teens and adults eating unhealthy foods and not receiving enough exercise than any other point in history. tally to the Ameri privy Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry website, in 2008 between 16% and 33% of children and teens were considered obese . That is approximately wholeness in four children who is over the suggested body fat as genuine for their age. What causes these children and adolescents to pay back overweight? Lack of exercise and a healthy diet be the main reasons. In the 2009 edition of Americas Health Rankings, it is estimated that obesity will cost the United States about $344 trillion in medical-related expenses by 2018, eating up about 21 percent of the nations health-care spending. (National joining for Sport and Physical Education. 2009) Though school system cannot control what these children do and eat at theme but they can control the food they eat at school . The school system c an also provide the minimum amount of exercise needed in a childs life. By insisting that they attend and participate in at least 60 minutes of physical education a day, the school system is ensuring that each child is given a chance to exercise and a chance at a healthier lifestyle. Children, especially when started at a young age, are easy to mold.If they participate in daily physical exercise they are more inc credit lined to lay out a lifelong habit of daily exercise that will help to prevent obesity in adulthood and reduce the chance of expensive medical bills due to health issues in the future. in that respect is, of course, a down side to physical education. Many children, but especially teens have ego-esteem issues. If they happen to be a little bit overweight or advancing through puberty more chop-chop than others or sometimes, for no reason at all these children feel the need to hide themselves.Unfortunately, a class like physical education is not the best place to hid e. No parent wants his or her child to be miserable, which is why some parents are saying that they believe the physical education class should not be mandatory. JoAnne Matthews-Saunders, a creative movement specialist, states that few individuals, whether or not they have a disability, are willing to try new conce pts, and they are even less likely to try them while environ by their peers. The idea of failing is not a concept that anyone embraces. I, as an adult, have a sticky time when it comes to failing or not measuring up to some of my peers, especially when it concerns sports. Teens and children are the alike(p) but many, as yet, do not have the skills to accept the fact that they will not invariably be the best. This leads to feelings of defeat and again, low self esteem . Added to that, there is always peer criticism, which is very touchy at any age but imagine a young person entering kernel school or high school and being told that they would have to shower and dress with the other students of their sex activity .That alone could cause anxiety but for those students with self-esteem issues, in their mind it would be close to excruciate . There are, however, parents, teachers and other professionals who believe that physical education will raise a childs self-esteem. Professionals have declared that youth receiving additional physical activity ten to show improved attributes such as change magnitude brain function and nourishment, higher energy/concentration levels, changes in body build affecting self esteem, increased self esteem and better behavior (Cocke, 2002)(Tremblay, Inman, & Willms, 2000)(Dwyer, Coonan, Leitch, Hetzel, & Baghurst, 1983)(Shephard, 1997)(Scheuer, Mitchell, 2003). As one can see, there are conflicting opinions on the subject of allowing students to choose whether they want to participate in physical education. It would seem that the health benefits outweigh other arguments but parents and psychologists still suggest tha t the physical education class raises psychological issues. another(prenominal) issue that has been raised is the cost of physical education classes.Many parents, faculty and concerned taxpayers believe that the money used to provide gym equipment, uniforms, fields, gymnasiums and the like could be better spent in different areas of the school There are so many schools that are lacking in materials, books and computers , the money being spent in physical education classes could be used to provide these items and perhaps give a child a better education then he or she may have otherwise received . According to the 2010 Federal Budget Update on US Department of Education Grants, the President is proposing a $78,000,000 calculate towards the Carol M.White Physical Education Program. The website does state, however, that the President has proposed a budget, but no Congressional action has been interpreted on the 2010 Education budget yet. At this point in the process, it we do not yet have which programs will materialize and at what amount. Congress may reject or change part or all of the proposed budget, though the Presidents suggestions do seem to be more in line with Congressional efforts in recent years than the previous administrations education proposals . (2009) As one may be able to see, even Congress is debating the cost of school programs.There is no information stating how such(prenominal) of that funding would be going toward physical education classes but the question still remains of whether it should be used toward providing for other programs. While the placement of funding is still up for debate the fact that physical education classes provide a chance to play sports is not. At the private school I go to the school paid for the field and transportation for our sports but equipment, such as soccer balls, had to be donated or we would need to provide our own. My uniform, for example, and all other equipment I needed for my position as goal keepe r, my parents had to purchase.Policies are different at every school and most state-funded schools supply the equipment needed. Even though some schools may, not every school provides transportation to and from home to extracurricular activities. For children whose families are unable to shuttle them back and frontwards to their practices and games when other transportation is unavailable, physical education is the only time they have any chance to play a spor t. It provides children and teens a chance for competitive exercise, companionship, teamwork and a desire to participate in sports and healthy activities outside(a) of school.In the end everything boils down to the same question Should physical education be mandatory? According to a report from Education. com physical activity produces overall physical, psychological and social benefits. Inactive children are likely to become inactive adults. Physical activity helps children with controlling weight, bring down blood pressur e, raising HDL (good) cholesterol, reducing the risk of diabetes, and improved psychological well-being, including gaining more self-confidence and higher self-esteem. (n. d. This statement as well as others that have been provided show that there are more benefits to mandatory physical education in schools such as health benefits, sports, and teamwork but the cost of the class and possible emotional stress still ensue many questioning its necessity. I personally believe that the class should be mandatory. Children and teens should be allowed to make certain choices in their young live s but in this case I believe that it is in their best interest to participate physical education classes.

Confirmation: Early Christian Community Essay

For people in the Early Christian Community who wanted to commit themselves as followers of Christ they first needed to receive the sacraments of initiation. mental hospital into the Church took place in a single ceremony, which normally unfolded during the Easter Vigil service.In the primal church, the ternary Sacraments of initiationBaptism, Confirmation, and Eucharistwere celebrated in the same ceremony by adult converts. Although on that point was no clear emergence of Confirmation as a separate sacrament until after the leash century, the elements of the Sacrament of Confirmation stop be recognized in the Sacrament of Baptism in the proterozoic write of the bible.After a long period of instruction that sometimes lasted as long as three years, each person was baptized, confirmed and also received the Eucharist. They were and then brought before the Bishop where he laid his manpower on each of their heads and prayed that they might receive the gift of the Holy Spirit and become responsible Christians financial backing through Christ to fulfill his life long mission.At some point in the archaeozoic Christian Community, the sacraments of initiation, baptism and confirmation, became primarily a sacrament for infants. Their baptism would allow them to become a member of the church and then confirmation would happen right after this, which was when the bishop would confirm or acknowledge this commitment. Eventually, however in the early 1900s confirmation became a sacrament associated not with infants but with older youths. Where each child can consciously make the decision to strengthen the bond with god and accept the reasonability to the church and to others as well.

Internal Services Marketing

SWP 59/91 INTERNAL SERVICES merchandise prof BRETT COLLINS School of heed Deaking University Victoria 3217 Australia (Tel +6152 471277) and PROFESSOR ADRIAN PAYNE grocery storeing and Logistics Group Cranfield School of Management Cranfield implant of Technology Cranfield Bedford MK43 OAL UK (Tel 0234 751122) Submitted to European Management Journal Copy office Collins and Payne 1991 INTERNAL SERVICES foodstuff door Over the past few long time the term inherent selling is increasingly organism apply to describe the application of trade intern each(prenominal)y inside the formation.There atomic number 18 2 dimensions relevant to our interchange of internal trade. Firstly there is the nonion that every de take apartment and every person in spite of appearance an organic law is twain a supplier and a customer. The second aspect relates to the brass section staff and s involves ensuring they land to pissher in a manner patronizeing the comp any(prenominal) outlin e and goals. This has been prize as being especi everyy substantial in improvement firms where there is a close relationship between exertion and consumption of the overhaul. It is thus business concerned with both musical note wariness and customer service and involves co-ordinated bulk and serve up returns strategies.Internal merchandising relates to all functions within the organisation, besides it is vitally concerned with the direction of man mental imagerys. However the traditional military unit plane section, and the more advanced serviceman resources department, obligate frequently been oriented towards dominate and administrative activities kind of than the alignment of human resources towards achieving strategic organisational purposes and goals. In this paper we explore the grocerying of a particular internal service within the organisation the human resource function.Our purpose is to illustrate how internal commercializeing concepts and methods engage by merchandising handlers understructure put forward the basis of a natural opinion on meeting the opportunities and challenges faced by human resource managers. A securities industry-oriented human resource manager is more likely to make an impact on the victorof a confederation, through being more in force(p) in both demonstrating the relevance of . human resource direction (HRM) to all management team members, and parcel other managers to plus their convergenceivity. Our approach is to first consider the nature of the challenges and opportunities confronting human resource (HR) managers.A posture of what is seen to be a central task for the HR management master key is then bug outlined. The congruence between marketing function activities and the HR management activities is then described. Finally, we consider how the HR manager flock habituate the doctrine, ideas, and tools of the marketing function to make a more effective contribution toward the org anisation objectives. s CHALLENGES approach THE HR MANAGER The managers in a company who film with the people getting evens argon now recognised as having an increasingly strategic government agency in the success of many origines.Regardless of whether the function these managers act is called personnel, human resources, industrial relations, or fostering and development, it collectively now represents a business image like in importance to the aras of finance, marketing and operations management. This trend has been driven by a more intensely compe depreciatorive business environment, affixd use of technology in around industries, and the shift in bodied ism from asset management to operations management. A focus on operations management has force CEO to understand the admit for s killed HR exe curtailives if they are to successfull cope with change. An organisation commensurate to adapt to change is loosely found to be more able to sustain competitive vantage in an environment of increasing uncertainty. The constant stress of somatic take-overs, new ventures, the restructuring of companies, rationalisation of existing operations, new technology introduction and staff lay-offs, means that the successof basic strategic decisions increasingly depends on matching skills with transactions, retentiveness key personnel after a merger, and solving the human capers that arise from introducing new technology or closing a plant. The dramatic turnaround of SAS by Jan Carlzon was driven through people rather than through an expensive investment in equipment and assets. 2 Increasing attention is being foc employ on the area of external customer retention and the enormous potence for improved profitability. 3 Top management should in like manner seek to endure improved organisational mathematical mathematical operation through effective HRM strategies aimed at improving personnel retention. The base-line derives are approach savings on . etraini ng in a rapid turnover job market and cutting down the equally expensive jazzledge drain. Companies able to manage this issue will harvest the rewards which go with a team of committed, active individuals at a time when under-training is sapping productivity among competitors. Increased manipulation of technology in some industries has led to the assumption that the quality of people performance will depart a less important issue as technology manufactures more pervasive. However the maintenance of trustworthy performance by competent employees is becoming more crucial.For example, we are now in an era where electronic banking means fewer face-to-face encounters between the bank and its customers. Consequently the importance of handling these interactions, and the costs of not making the most of opportunities are greater. In a relatively homogeneous industry such(prenominal) as banking, a key opportunity for banks to gain a competitive edge over competitors lies in the qualit y of its people. In an era of electronic fund transfer there is opportunity for a bank to home itself as one that has advantageously people, not just good machines. Many of the key challenges facing retail banking involve the employee the make to sell and cross-sell, unionisation, electronic banking, affirmative action, service quality management and technology management. It has been argued that HR professionals ease up failed in the past to reach their full potential within the corporate frame counterfeit because they given themselves to the creation of ever more modern platforms and forgot the whole purpose of the business. HR managers have had a role in organisations dealing with outside pressures such as government, unions, and safety, but their active involvement and collaboration is as well as needed with the production, marketing, and finance functions. They have been responsible for fending off interruptions, handling the reporting requirements of regulatory bodies, and dealing with well-disposed responsibility issues, but often are not complex in activities perceived by other managers to be first harmonicly important to the business.Managing a corporation is complex, and CEOs find it necessary to simplify their task by concentrating on what appear to be the most important strategic issues. Because of resource limitations, it is necessary to focus sr. management attention and s time on those aspects of the business process with the spicyest expected payoff. means that some areas with extremely exalted potential impact, but a very low-pitched perceived probability of delivering prodigious results, moldinessiness get less attention than one might very wish.Strategic HRM requires a meaning(a) investment of organisational resources, which directly and immediately affects profits, and can thus make it unattractive to managers under pressure for short results. Further, any real understanding of what competent HRM could kick in together to the success of a business has unaccompanied been popularised somewhat recently. 6 For these reasons elder management has often failed to grasp why HRM was relevant to business strategy, business performance, and the cost management function. Clearly the central task of HRM must be to gain the upport of senior management, secure the dedication of the CEO, and ensure HRM makes the most effective contribution possible to the organisation objectives. s This The HRM function in a company is never likely to be valued unless it convinces management it can add significant payoffs, and is part of the key interactions between the organisation and environment. productivity. HRM will become ceremonious as an integral part of a business through processing other managers to increase their Managers do not require more sophisticated platforms.They require someone who understands their problems, can actively contribute to the more effective and efficient management of human resources, and who has a good understanding of the business. We will now consider how the roles of marketing managers and HR managers are linked. THE MARKETING HRM ANALOGY The HRM function has three distinct client groups, or markets, with which it must deal effectively employees within the organisation, other managers involved with the senior management tasks including the CEO, and external groups such as prospective employees, government, unions, and regulatory bodies. amity of the challenges faced by HR managers indicates that they are similar to those challenges faced by other senior managers, and requirements for success correspond to those needed by good marketing managers. The use of marketing ideas does not need to be narrowly confined to products and markets. merchandising has been defined as a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others , and implies two voluntary parties with unsatisfied inescapably, an expectation of mutual benefit, a means of communication, and a medium to complete the central. mass who taint goods and service are involved in the same compositors case of exchange process as people who seek employment that is satisfying, interesting, and more than a well-lit work space. The relationship between buyer and seller in a labour market is such that the employee must sell labour to earn an income. A company must create goods or services and exchange them in order to earn profits. Clearly there are times when one company to an exchange has much more bargaining power than the other party. The manager who seeks mutual benefit through operative well with the HRM department is involved in a similar exchange process to that which takes plait between consumers and companies everywhere. A source of interdepartmental competitiveness can be the need for a marketing manager to represent the interests of a customer against the require of other managers. We do not lack examples of betrothal between the marketing and accounting functions. For example, while the Sales department are properly concerned with maintaining a good relationship and undisrupted supply to the customer, the Accounts department is concerned with administering realization control.Accounts may seek the withholding of supply, because credit guidelines have been exceeded at a time when Sales is trying to service a sudden increase in demand, resulting in open conflict. 8 Similarly, an HR manager can become involved in interdepartmental conflict through a need to represent the interests of an employee against the unavoidably of another manager. Like marketing, HRM is a function where success requires close co-operation with other functions, but there can be significant potential for conflict.The coalitions of power and politics at the core of fundamental conflicts such as this can be used to maximise business performance, or detract from it. The task for the HR manager is do more vexed because the quality of management performance is difficult to quantify there is no bottom line responsibility. This can leave the HR manager without the defence available to managers of profitable business units who have tangible enjoin of performance in their regular financial reports bottom line results. Marketing performs a valuable role in that it creates utility, the capacity to satisfy involve. The HR manager is similarly concerned with the creation of utilities. The marketing philosophy or concept states that, in serving marketplace involve, the entire organisation should be guided by thinking that centres around the consumer. For our purposes the concept has three key elements n The HR manager requires a everlasting(a) knowledge of the inescapably, wants, and problems of the CEO, other managers and employees. There are three customers for a training programme the delegate (who is also the consumer), the delegate line manager and top management. The require of these three s ustomer groups vary and may need to be reconciled. Ideally the HR manager should start with a knowledge of client call for and work backwards to developing products and services to satisfy them. n The second element requires that the cost, design, implementation and follow up on HR flips should be carefully planned so all features are consistent with project goals, and the process co-ordinated with other functions in the organisation, w Finally, in our definition of marketing we recognise individuals or groups savoury in the marketing process have diverse goals and objectives.If the organisation itself does not gain utility from an exchange then this element of the philosophy is not met. Consequently we would expect that if an HR activity did not pack to organisational gain the activity would be discontinued. Quantification of performance plays a crucial role in the success of the marketing function, and the performance audit guides corrective action, w hile providing measurements essential to supporting access to resources for projects. HR managers have sometimes been characterised by a lack of willingness to work with performance measures.Marketing strongly depends on techniques developed in the behavioural sciences for quantification of the needs, wants, and perceptions of consumers. These tools can be promptly adapted to requirements of the HR manager. While measures employed by marketing managers are not always of high precision, they are essential to the building of credibility through measurement, and performance against explicit goals. Management performance in functions other than marketing and HRM are generally more agreeable to performance measurement.An HR manager with a market orientation course would have good knowledge of the needs and wants of the client groups served, and develop a co-ordinated approach to servicing those requirements consistent with organisation goals, and with the expectation of achieving organ isational gain from any exchange process. In contrast, a product-oriented HR manager would place primary emphasis on the products or services the HRM department offers, and how these are provided. It is instructive to consider the disputes between these two opposing examines.Consider training programmes for example the difference between a product-oriented, and a marketoriented manager, is shown in guess 1. This example is stereotypical in that the manakin represents two extreme positions. No one person would be expected to exhibit all of the characteristics presented for a specific orientation, but an HR practitioner would be expected to possessseveral if they were either market or product-oriented and the distinction between two very different management philosophies are illustrated.We have found it a useful exercise, in workshops with senior managers, to discuss the role of conflicting philosophies and how they affect achievement of a marketing orientation. This can be addres sed in the context of both external customers10 and Although it has been real for many categorys that a market internal customers. orientation is essential to the success of a business, it has not been proven in all b igure I Stereotypical I)itfcrenccs Itetw hlarkrt-Oriented uncl I rotll,ct-Oriellletl IIH hlihnrgers with Itesl to Training Yrogrrmmes 4 lTITUDES Attitudes & PROCEDURESI ROI)IlCT ORIENTATION to cut costs and MARKET ORIENTATION Client needs determine training programmes. towards clients They should be glad we exist. toilsome bring out better programmes. Department interests. Focus Programme offering provides courses that fit our skills & Schedule programmes we know the clients need. Interest in innovation of costs scheduled for is on technology and cost cutting. Focus on identifying A critical objective. new opportunities. Importance A number in the budget we cannot exceed. rcquircmcnts in mind. make sense of programmes the year Role of marketing AttendanceSet with I hc dclivcry Set with client needs and costs in mind. enquiry To determine client reaction if used at all. is good revision. To determine client needs and if they are being met. at programs Fill all available places repeating Select attendees according to their needs and coordinate this with other managers. Demonstrate clients. need satisfying benelits Promotion of programmes Advise managers when their staff is to attend the next course. of course to contingent situations. Monopoly or regulated markets provide examples of nonmarket orientation.As the difference between a market orientation, and any one of many conflicting orientations possible, is accepted as the difference between unstable short success and stable long-term growth, it becomes of considerable importance to senior managers to push a market orientation within their company. Similarly, the importance of HRM has gradually gained credibility and importance, as managers have come to understand how it can contribute to t he achievement of business success. There exists an increasing number of well known companies where superior HRM is believed to be a key factor in their success.We have seen the similarity in roles of the marketing and HR managers. The marketing and HRM processes both involve the creation and exchange of utilities. need to represent the interests of a client, against the narrow interests of another manager, may be conducive to the well being of the company but a source of open interdepartmental conflict. This conflict is difficult to manage and can detract from the effectiveness of the function and the organisation. Both functions require commitment and support from the CEO to succeed, and performance measurement is seen to be an important tool for building credibility within the company.The market orientation can be use equally to either the marketing or HR functions when it is accepted that success is achieving organisational goals through delivering customer gladness. We will no w consider how the HR manager can rein the ideas, and tools of the marketing function to more effectively contribute toward the organisation objectives. s THE HRM-MARKETING FUNCTION A We are concerned here with internal marketing that form of marketing where both the customer and the supplier are inside the organisation.In this context we consider employees as customers or clients. These classifications are quite broad, and could be notwithstanding divided into such groupings as the board, managers, supervisors, foremen, clerical staff, etc. The HRM-Marketing function can be described in terms of seeing managers and employees as in-house customers, viewing the tasks and activities performed by the HRM function as in-house products or services, and offering in-house or services that satisfy the needs and wants of managers and employees, while addressing the objectives of the organisation. 2 The reasons for believing marketing provides a useful mannequin for HRM depend largely on the congruences we have demonstrated between essential activities of the two functions. In access to these congruences, there is a strong similarity in the constraints and difficulties facing either marketing or HR managers. Concepts and tools proven to be useful to the marketing function can also be applied to the benefit of HRM. The HRM function provides services or programmes to employees and management, which means it sells performances that directly govern business productivity.Internal marketing can help an HR manager to attract and hold the type of people a company wants, and get the best of in-house customers, the HR function can upgrade the capability of a company to satisfy the needs and wants of its external customers. Marketing management is the process of increasing the effectiveness and/or efficiency by which marketing activities are performed. Effectiveness refers to the degree to which organisational objectives are attained, while efficiency is concerned with the e xpenditure of resources to accomplish these objectives.This difference is eloquently expressed in the view that it is more important to do the right things (improve effectiveness) than to do things right (improve efficiency). 13 An organisation that is doing the right things incorrect (effective but not efficient), can outperform organisations that are doing the wrong things right. Effectiveness and efficiency is also a concern of the HR manager seeking improved performance. MARKETING ACTIVITIES The marketing function in any organisation is concerned with a number of related activities which admit 8Understanding of the market and competitive environment. Definition of the firm Mission. s Determination of the Target Market Segments to be emphasised. Developing integrated Marketing Mix strategies to accomplish this Mission in the selected segments. Implement Marketing Mix strategies and Control marketing activity. 8 8 8 8 This well known model of marketing function activities, which involves the above cadences, is used as a basis for a discussion on internal HRM marketing. Market and Competitive EnvironmentThe starting point is for HR managers to gain a good knowledge of the needs and wants of the client groups served, the significant factors influencing the HR department operations, and identify the s publics which interact with the company. This process is market analysis and involves collecting information on the different client markets into a database. Market explore should be used to identify internal client needs, wants and attitudes just as it can be used to identify the needs, wants and attitudes of external consumers or industrial buyers.For example, climate surveys concerning perceptions of remuneration packages, employment conditions and performance appraisal, and opinions of quality improvement programmes, provide direct benefits for the redesign and improvement of key policies, processesand programmes. There is also the positive effect on mor ale that flows from taking an interest in the views of employees. This channel of communication provides an early means for pin-pointing organisational breakdowns and problem areas. An important requirement before confinement data collection is to adopt a commitment to face the issues uncovered, no matter how unpalatable.It is an on-going process requiring that issues be resolved in order to maintain credibility of the HR department at all take aims within the company. To raise the expectations of client groups without delivering can generate strongly negative effects. Finally, market look for can also provide a basis for supervise the impact of programmes on employees, and command whether HR programmes are achieving what they were designed to achieve. This market research process sometimes suffers from a condition referred to as the no-full-disclosure disease 14.It manifests itself through people within the management hierarchy who fear the things threatening them may become k nown to others, and then used to their personal detriment. The extent of this problem depends on survey design and content. People interviewed tend to speak freely when given a chance to express their thoughts and opinions on HRM issues. However undertaking not to reveal the content of an interview under any circumstances, without prior approval from the person interviewed, is sometimes necessary in order to get at the real problems and issues.Whether use is made of questionnaires, personal interviews, unceremonious meetings of managers, or group discussions, market research provides a clear means of identifying client needs and wants. It also provides the means for tracking performance. Mission The second step involves the development of a mission for the HR department. The corporate mission statement for an organisation is too broad to be meaningful for a specific business function, and consequently a mission statement should be specifically developed for the HRM function. It inv olves asking the questions what is our role within the organisation ? and what should our role be within the organisation? . Figure 2 provides an example of a HR mission statement based on one developed with a leading British service organisation. FiPure 2 Human Resource Mission Statement To develop and promote the highest quality human resource practices and initiatives in an ethical, cost effective and timely manner to support the current and future business objectives of the organisation and to change line managers to maximise the calibre, effectiveness and development of their human resources. This will be achieved through working with managers and staff to nDevelop an integrated human resource policy and implement its consistent use throughout the organisation Enhance managersefficient use human resources through the of provision of responsive and filmable services Be the preferred source of core strategic HR services Provide high quality tailored HR consultancy Introduce me thods to plan for the provision of required calibre and quantity of staff Ensure consistent line accountability throughout all areas within the organisation Assist the organisation in becoming more customer aware and responsive to changing needs Define and uphold implementation of an improved communications culture throughout the organisation Maintain an innovative and affordable write for HRM n n n n n n n n At the HRM take the definition of mission does not have to be complex. It should provide a framework for explaining the HR department role and how it can help s he different take aims and units of an organisation to co-ordinate their efforts to achieve the overall objectives of the organisation. Once the mission statement has been adopted objectives need to be formalised. Because objectives are not equally important, a hierarchy of potential services, programmes and projects should be put together. If possible these objectives should be operationalised stated in terms tha t are specific, and which will lead to measurable end results. It is important to understand what needs to be accomplished, when the task should be completed, and how it will be decided that the task is completed. This process links very closely with the market research function which can be used to demonstrate performance against specific objectives.A function which provides a service, and deals predominantly in intangibles, requires tangible evidence of success in order to demonstrate competent performance, and help build credibility. Market Segmentation The third step is deciding which market groups should be emphasised. Market naval division is a process by which we divide the total, heterogeneous group of clients into littler, more homogeneous groups with similar needs and wants that the HR function can successfully satisfy. By developing specific services we can generally improve the effectiveness of our performance in satisfying clients. It may cost more to serve smaller gro ups, or handle problems requiring customised solutions.Because of this, there is sometimes a need to balance the level of customisation required to adequately solve a problem, against the benefits which might accrue to the organisation. This is very much a cost-benefit exercise. The characterisation shown in Figure 3 can be helpful for sorting problems into classes, each of which require different capabilities. At a high degree of customisation, there is increased demand for resources from the HR function. The HR cost to the organisation increases with an increase in the level of customisation. Programmes, or projects undertaken by HR typically involve longterm benefits with short-term costs, and given particular resources, this has direct impact on the HR department effectiveness. Quadrant 1 in Figure 3 represents the situation where there is need to fit a key programme to the work needs of a client group. A major company wishing to run an in-house strategic management seminar, e nabling senior management to . Figure 3. CHARACTERISING HR MARKETING PROBLEMS Programme l l oriented skills Client l l oriented skills standardised customising Importance of issue to organisation objectives I 3 s issue management skills needed 2 Buy-in-solution needs consultative skills 1 Fiexible approach skills 1 I l l control flows l l development project control skills needed need monitor skills 31 LOW 4i HIGH required C Degree of customisation review and discuss current management thinking and practice, is an example.The CEO would perceive this to be of high value to the organisation, while requiring this process to fit closely with the business context. The programme-oriented task found in quadrant 2 is characterised by the opportunity for a high quality but standardised approach to be taken. For example, consider a betting agency involved in the conversion of operations from a manual to a computerised telephone betting system. There is a need to develop and implement a progra mme at low cost which will enable a smooth transition to the new system. Due to the large group of operators requiring new skills there is an opportunity to seek savings through standardisation. The importance of this issue means effective performance by the HR department is more critical.In quadrant 3 the degree of customisation required for a task is low for example where factory staff are being given first-aid training. The content of a first-aid training programme will be fairly standard across a range of industries. Such a programme is not central to achievement of organisation objectives, and represents a situation where service delivery can readily be obtained from outside the organisation. Once the training programme was in place knowing who had attended the course, and monitoring the training process would be the key tasks. An increase in the degree of customisation required corresponds to an increase in the level of organisation-specific content, as shown in quadrant 4.Co nsider a retail tyre organisation which needs to train shop floor staff in the testing and servicing of car batteries. This more specialised course requires company-specific input, and an inhouse programme is the best solution. In this quadrant the need is for course development skills, a fictile approach, and the ability to manage the development process. Other examples are custom-designed employee retirement programmes, or surveys of work group satisfaction where there is a need here to design and implement a project with the specific needs of a client group in mind. Obviously most impact can be made by HRM focusing efforts in those quadrants involving problems of high importance to the organisation, but not involving significant short-term investment.This type of problem area, identified because the issues involved are considered central to the achievement of business objectives, will often be more able to attract support and adequate funding. Working in areas requiring a high l evel of customisation, which are also critical to business success, is the challenge facing HR. This is the direction in which HR requirements have moved due to the increased complexity of business, changing technology, and the shift from an asset management to operations management philosophy. Segmentation of employees on the basis of their needs and wants, as opposed to the segmentation of management clients, recognises the need to retain individual differences.This is the basis for concepts such as negotiable remuneration packages, employment contracts, flexible working hours, and job sharing. The techniques used for consumer segmentation by marketers can be applied directly here. It provides opportunity for companies to lessen the warp of unions by placing greater emphasis on direct employee communication, in addition to, or instead of, industrial relations conducted in the traditional representative way15. Developing and Implementing the Marketing Mix Once the tasks of determ ine the mission of the HR department and the target market segments to be emphasised have been undertaken, a marketing-oriented HR function will focus on the marketing mix The marketing programme is developed . ased upon a decision on marketing mix variables over which the HR manager has some control innovation the product or service, costing it, setting up a service delivery system, promotion of the product to clients, and gaining commitment for proposals from management. Figure 4 illustrates the four elements of the marketing mix which need to be addressed. Whilst all elements need to be considered, two key variables the design of the product (ie courses or services) and communications are especially important. These two key variables and their relevance for the HR manager are now reviewed. n Designing the Product . It has been pointed out that the process of a marketing department introducing a new product, and resolution of a complex long-standing problem by the HR function are very similar.Figure 5 illustrates this, and is based on Desatnick16 who argues that as the contribution of HRM is less tangible and more difficult of end results, it is even more important to market it effectively. to measure in terms This implies taking the time to reflect, to position, to package, to merchandise, and to sell. Thus the HR manager must get the maximum impact from each situation through careful Figure 4 The intravenous feeding Elements of the Marketing Mix ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX FOR A COMPANY 1. harvest-timeS OR SERVICES 1. fruitS (SERVICES, COURSES, ETC) 2. THE LOCATION AND actors line MEANS OF SERVICES AND COURSES 3. COMMUNICATIONS WITH CLIENT GROUPS (PRIMARILY THROUGH DISCUSSION AND DOCUMENTATION) 4. TRANSFER PRICING AND EXPENSE assignation 2. PLACE (DISTRIBUTION) 3.PROMOTION (MAINLY THROUGH ADVERTISING AND PERSONAL SELLING) 4. PRICING FIGURE 5 COMPARING merchandise DEVELOPMENT COMPLEX HR ISSUE TO RESOLVING A Introducing the new produa (a 1 to 3 year cycle) DETER&MINE PRODUCT NEED FOR NEW I Resolving a complex HR issue (a 1 to 3 year cycle) DETERMINE NEED FOR NEW PROJECT, PROGRAM What is the cost of not resolving this nsue? What will be its impact on norms and vuua What IS cost bcncrit value KOinrcmai diem Eyk lJlJTE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR 1 Who wril buy it and why? How much will they spend on it? Whaf neeas will it sat&y? ISCREEN NEW PRODUCT ID&4 ( What impact will it have? Will it be profitable? Is it compauble existing produas? 1 show MARKET THE PRODUCT What impact will it have on operauorr Who will manage and use the project How does it iit with current proJects/ priorities? target A PILOT PROJECT 1 Do internal clients find it useiui? Will they supponfpay To what exrenr Who mll oppose IL? Why? fEysNCE TO OTHER POTENTIAL How do prospeas vim the proaucr What needs does it satisfy? encounter we deslgncd the nght produa / tiXAPsTO OTHER TEST .irc tkdings consistent .tie there log8suc/quaiity problems Did promotrons resu it in expccrea s3la ( Is the project valid/reliable? Does it meet needs of ail company locations Have the beneiits been property iommuxlLcarea? ASSESS OUTCO,ME IN ADVANCE Which funcuons are aifectco and how Will it cause contusion Have ttma. raourca dr costs been aeuuicd? .-NALYSE. ?IlEASURE. PROJECT T What tmpaa on other iuncuons Detaucd buaga and plans. Have d impticauons been conslderca? /ESPA%D TO A study LaIUNCH i 1,MPLEMEM COMPANY WIDE i Does tne poremat ourwaqh nsics . e promorlons ana follow-u 3 iannea .tie 10glsua ana supply lines rcaav? Have we mcxns ior ldcnufying scrwcc xooIcmr. ana dissausiacuons Doa project add to HR crcntbtlitv s Who wlii tram whom do wnat. snere. to when Have system we an eifecttve audit/evalUallOn Will the Issue really be resolved? management of those elements he can control.Developing a product or service for a client group is an activity over which the HR manager has a great deal of control, and consequently provides an area where management at tention can be rewarded with maximum impact. H Communication. Communication represents promotional activity in the form of advertising, indirect publicity, and face-to-face selling which is employed by marketers to influence potential, or existing customers to behave in desired ways, such as to undertake the trial purchase of a product the firm has just launched onto the market. Promotion can also be used to influence employees to regard attitudes, to inform managers, or alter the way in which a particular programme is perceived by the clients to whom it is directed.The use of publicity through internal publications and other documentation can be used to provide feedback to employees on current issues, as well as enhance and reinforce the credibility of the research process. A well conceived internal promotional programme can have very positive effects on employees. It can motivate, educate, or help provide a sense of belonging. The famous Avis Rent-a-Car slogan suggesting that Avi s employees canvass harder was as effective for their employees as it was for the public image of Avis. This type of corporate advertisement primarily seeks to influence the perceptions of external publics, but management tends to forget these campaigns are also critically viewed by employees at all levels within the organisation.A campaign which lacks credibility with employees is not consistent with development of a positive organisational culture. Management should develop corporate communications which are consistent with the HRM objectives of the organisation. Simpler, less ambitious projects can also adopt significant impact for the HR function. . Personal interaction with other functional areas can contribute significantly to HR marketing efforts. In situations where a service or programme is either partly, or fully dependent on the performance of employees for success, the communications and promotional activity should be concerned not only with encouraging clients to buy , but with encouraging employees to perform. commitment of both employees and management.The implementation and control processes represent the final step which involves the measuring of effectiveness and efficiency, taking corrective action, and iteration through the marketing planning processes. The well established marketing planning Success in business requires the literature provides a framework to follow in undertaking this task. CONCLUSIONS The 1980s saw the start of a new emphasis on the HRM function. It has been pointed out that the cosmos is that a firm adopting HRM may simply involve a retitling of the old personnel department with no obvious change in its functional role, or it may be strategic HRM which represents a fundamental reconceptualisation and re-organisation of personnel roles and departments. 18 There are different models of HRM and this has importance for its evaluation. g The focus of strategic HRM encompassesall those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels within the organisation and which are directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage*O, but recent European research suggest that strategic HRM is still not widespread. Findings from the Price Waterhouse/Cranfield HR research project shows that in many European organisations HR strategies follow on behind corporate strategy rather than making a positive contribution to it and although HR representation at board level is becoming more common, this does not necessarily bring with it involvement in key decisions. l few firms have been able to integrate HR and strategy but to achieve this it usually requires a surd and multi-dimensional effort. ** The backdrop of marketing has traditionally been limited to the exchanges that take place between organisations and their customers. More recently this scope has been expanded to encompass the field of relationship marketing which suggests that 23 marketing principles can be applie d to a number of other key markets, including internal markets within the firm. We argue that there exist stimulate reasons for bringing the internal marketing concept to bear on problems faced by all HR managers, but the greatest value will be obtained in these firms adopting strategic HRM .The shift in organisational philosophy from asset management to operations management, the introduction of new technologies to some industries, and the increased strategic importance of managing people resources effectively and efficiently, has meant the role performed by HR managers demands a much higher level of competence and professional skills. Marketing provides an action framework, and a practical approach by which the HR manager can provide effective solutions to key corporate problems. This fresh perspective will bring marketoriented HR managers significant benefits. In spite of emphasis in this paper on the need for HR managers to deal effectively with the challenges they face, it mu st be recognised that much opportunity for the future status of HRM lies with the CEOs.Their task is to provide organisational vision, and many have still failed to recognise the value of strategic HRM in the present business environment. In spite of this, the HR manager must share the responsibility through not having convinced top management that HRM is strategically relevant to business success. Adopting a market orientation requires the HR manager to focus on the needs and wants of internal customer groups and to stimulate internal service. An investment in the marketing approach is an investment in people. REFERENCES 1. BUSINESS WEEK, Human Resource Managers Aren incorporate Nobodies t Anymore, 2 celestial latitude 1985, p 58. 2. 3. CARLZON,J, Moments of Truth, Ballinger print Company, 1987.REINCHELD,F F and SASSER, E Jr, Zero Defections Quality Comes to W Services, Harvard Business Review, September-October 1990, pp105-111 and BUCHANAN, W J and GILLIES, C S, Value Managed t ransactionhips The Key R to Customer Retention and Profitability, European Management Journal, Vol 8, No 4, December 1990, pp 523-526. 4. BERRY, L L, The Employee as Customer, Journal of Retail Bunking, Vol 3, No 1, March 1981, pp 33-40. 5. BAIRD, L and MESHOULAM, A stand by Chance for HR to Make the Grade, I, force play, Vol 63, No 4, April 1986, pp 45-48. 6. PETERS,T J and WATERMAN,R H JR, In Search of honesty Lessons form America Best Run Companies, Harper & Row, 1982. s 7. 8. KOTLER, P, Marketing Management, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall, 1984, p 4.COLLINS,B A, The abrasion Between Marketing and Finance, The Australian Accountant, Vol 55, No 4, May 1985, p 45-48. 9. 10. MURPHY, P E and ENIS, B M, Marketing, Scott, Foresman & Co, 1985, p 16. PAYNE, A F T, Developing a Marketing Oriented Organisation, Business Horizons, Vol 31, No 3, May-June 1988, pp 46-53. 11. VANDERMERWE, and GILBERT, D, Making Internal Service Market Driven, S Business Horizons, Vol 32, No 6, November-December 1989, pp 83-89. 12. 13. Berry, ob tit DRUCKER,P F, Management Tasks. Responsibilities, Practices, Harper & Row, 1974. 14. WEINSHALL, D, Help for Chief Executives The Outside Consultant, T California Management Review, summer 1982, Vol 24, No 4, p 47-58. 15.CUPPER,L G, An Employer Viewpoint on the Use of Dialogue in industrial s and Employee Relations, Melbourne University Business School Association Journal, Vol 10, No 1, 1987. 16. DESATNICK,R L, Marketing HRD The Creditiability Gap That Got To Go, s Training, June 1983, Vol 20, No 6, p 52. 17. MCDONALD, M, Marketing Plans How to Prepare Them How To Use Them, Heinemann, second edition, 1989. 18. See GUEST, D E, Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations, Journal of Management Studies, Vol 24, No 5, 1987, pp 503-521 and GUEST D, Personnel and HRM Can You Tell the Difference? , Personnel Management, Vol 13, No 1, January 1989, pp 48-51. 19. 20. TYSON, S V and FELL, A, Evaluating the Personnel Function, Hutchinson, 1986.MILLE R P, Strategic HRM What It Is and What It Isn Personnel t, Management, February 1989, 46-5 1. 21. BREWSTER, and SMITH C, Corporate Strategy A No-Go Area for C Personnel? , Personnel Management, July 1990, pp 36-40. For a US view also see BURACK,E H, Corporate Business and Human Resource Planning Practices Strategic Issues and Concerns, Organisational Dynamics, Vol 15, No 1, summertime 1986, pp 73-87. 22. BULLER, P F, Successful Partnerships HR and Strategic Planning at Eight Top Firms, Organizational Dynamics, Vol 17, No 2, Autumn 1988, pp 27-43. 23. M, CHRISTOPHER, PAYNE, A F T and BALLANTYNE,D, Relationship Marketing. Bringing Quality, Customer Service and Marketing Together, Heinemann 1991 (forthcoming).