Myths Are Stories That Express Meaning, Morality Or...

â€Å"Myths are stories that express meaning, morality or motivation. Whether they are true or not is irrelevant.† This was quoted by writer Michael Shermer, and it still holds today. This quote displays that myths have the power to take the reader away from reality and launch them into a world of mystery and phenomena. Also, even if myths have different stories and different characters, they all in some way portray regular societal values. For example, â€Å"The Fisherman and The Jinnee†, â€Å"Sifrit†, and â€Å"Song of Roland† all tell divergent stories with very diverse characters. But by the end, they all portray the values of righteousness and how one man, or hero can rescue an entire society. â€Å"A myth is an image of terms in which we try to make†¦show more content†¦They eventually race in the woods to get drinks and when it is not suspicious, Hagen stabs Sifrit in the weak spot with a lance. Gunther kills Hagen immediately after. Once Chriemhilde hears of what happened, she begins to kill most of those who were involved with his murder. However, she eventually gets killed by the Huns. In Roland, the main hero Rollanz is a powerful, courageous, and determined hero who is protected by ruler Charlemagne. In the 7 year war, he had to influence an army through an ambush by himself. As the warrior he is, he fights the battle rather than calling in reinforcements. However, this lead to the tragic death of his comrade Olivier, and most of his soldiers. Towards the end, he blew the oil paint which hollered for help to aid the rest of his people. This decision lead to his death, which makes him a martyr. Roland is similar to the myths of Sundiata and Fisherman and the Jinnee because of their actions and decision making made them heroes in their respective myths. Each of these myths have a hero either protecting their loved ones, or saving their loved ones from danger. In Sundiata, the griot is illustrated as brave, due to his willingness to slay enemies left and right, while disregarding his own safety in battle, much like Rollanz. However, in the Fisherman and the Jinnee, the main fisherman does not use violence but instead he uses his genius intellect to take himself out of tough situations. This shows that theseShow MoreRelatedHistory of Theatre Lesson Notes Essay5401 Words   |  22 Pages20th centuries that envisions theatre as emerging out of myth and ritual (society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being, connection between actions performed by group and results it desires leads to repeat/refine/formalizing those actions into rituals, stories/myths grow up around a ritual, performers dress up, act out the myths. (more info pg 2). Storytelling-relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures (pantomime/impersonation/eachRead MoreAlienation Effect in Brechts a Good Woman of Setzuan3408 Words   |  14 Pagesdirectly to the audience, as in epic poems such as Homer’s Odyssey so he called his style epic theatre. Epic theatre was also known as Theatre of Commitment, Theatre of Social Action, and Theatre of Social Conviction. Willet states that the basic meaning of epic in Brecht’s use of the term is â€Å"a sequence of incidents or events, narrated without artificial restrictions as to time, place or relevance to a formal plot† (169). His idea of epic is informed by the ideas of Goethe and Schiller regardingRead MoreEssay on Abstinence and Orgy in Measure for Measure2586 Words   |  11 Pagesto assay the entire world of Vienna (Charlton 249)—is leavened and prepared (1.1.51). We discover in I.3 the nature of this preparation as Vincentio explains his actions to Friar Thomas, revealing a character weakness and a strange motivation in appointing Angelo. After the friar, God’s proxy, rebukes Vincentio for the timidity of disciplining a populace by proxy, the Duke admits his laxity of fourteen years—but declares that he will observe his proxy Angelo from the vantage of religiousRead MoreSymbolic Meaning of the Land in Gone with the Wind6993 Words   |  28 PagesSymbolic Meaning on the Land in Gone with the Wind Abstract: The study of Gone with the Wind has mainly concerned with such aspects as the historical background of the American Civil War, the relationship between slave owners and slaves, Scarletts remarkable personality, and the conflicts between north and south cultures. Many more people read it as a love story. This thesis aims at analyzing the symbolic meaning of the land in this masterpiece to interpret this novel better. With applicationRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 PagesNightingale†: â€Å"Thy plaintive anthem fades / Past the near meadows, over the still stream.† Repetition: Words, sounds, phrases, lines, or elements of syntax may repeat within a poem. Sometimes, repetition can enhance an element of meaning, but at other times it can dilute or dissipate meaning. * Alliteration: The repetition of sounds in initial stressed syllables (see Figures of Speech, above). * Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds (see Figures of Speech, above). * Refrain: A phrase or groupRead MoreThe Works of James Dickey and John Ciardi2949 Words   |  12 Pagesthemselves. It has been postulated that poets such as Ciardi have been damaged psychologically by what they have seen and felt. In his case much of the evidence for this lies in his abandonment of his war diary, leaving it unfinished. Readers derive meaning from the unwritten words and see it as evidence of the concept that war is an exclusive experience, only comprehensible by those that have participated in combat. If one is to accept such a statement, one is likely to discover difficulty in the warRead MoreTennyson as a Victorian Poet2765 Words   |  12 PagesLight Brigade† (1854) described a disastrous battle in the Crimean War and praised the heroism of the British soldiers there. In 1859, Tennyson published the first four Idylls of the King, a group of twelve blank-verse narrative poems tracing the story of the legendary King Arthur and the Knights of the Round T able. This collection, dedicated to Prince Albert, enjoyed much popularity among the royal family, who saw Arthurs lengthy reign as a representation of Queen Victorias 64-year rule (1837-1901)Read MoreLet Majorship English4572 Words   |  19 Pagespower of imagination 2. What feeling is expressed in this line â€Å"My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky†? A. Surprise C. Fear B. Happiness D. Anger 3. What is Chekhov’s most recognizable achievement in his short stories? A. His cryptic use of symbolism B. His attention to the inner lives of his characters C. His references to biblical scriptures D. His use of allegory 4. In the Iliad, whose death brought Achilles much sorrow and grief? A. PatroclusRead MoreKhasak14018 Words   |  57 PagesMonday, 26 October 2009 Preface This dissertation titled ART AS A RENDEZVOUS OF MYTH AND MIND: A PSYCHOANALYTIC AND MYTHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF O V VIJAYAN’S THE LEGENDS OF KHASAK explores how the judicious selection and use of literary theory can account for the universal appeal of The Legends of Khasak, a belated self translated rendering of a famous regional work in Malayalam, Khasakkinte Ithihasam authored by the eminent writer O V Vijayan, and thus assert its artistic value. Divided into fourRead MoreSpiritual Formation Across the Lifespan Essay7723 Words   |  31 Pagesclaims that Christians are ‘meaning makers,’ taking â€Å"the raw material of lived experience—the gladness and the sorrows—and trying to seek the deeper meaning, see the larger picture, understand the levels and layers of life in all its fullness and intensity. We live, and then in faith we try to discover meaning† (p. 2). Spiritual deepening, or development then, is about becoming more consciously aware —being attentive, staying alert, and paying attention to life as we seek meaning. The Council on Social

Essay on Social Cliques in The Breakfast Club by Eric Berne

Social Cliques in The Breakfast Club by Eric Berne â€Å"Jock†, â€Å"prep†, â€Å"gangster†, â€Å"loser†, â€Å"geek†, â€Å"criminal†, â€Å" popular†, are just a few labels of teenagers that are used everyday by outsiders who judge them without looking skin deep. In the matter of stereotyping, some may perceive it as being the base of an identity in the view of society. Eric Berne, an author and psychologist, wrote an article, â€Å"Can People Be Judged by Their Appearance?†, where stereotyping is categorized and used as a positive view. As opposed to the film The Breakfast Club, written by John Hughes, that creates a more negative input on stereotyping. Berne’s uses a theory of basic human types as an example of a scientific subject made for nonscientists, where in†¦show more content†¦In his article â€Å"Can People Be Judged by Their Appearance?† Berne classifies three different types of â€Å"morphs,† that describe ones body build, whether a n endomorph, (inside,) a mesomorph (middle,) or an ectomorph (outside,) which portrays individuals in a descriptive â€Å"type† of person they are. Berne presents a Viscerotonic Endomorph, which describes a rather short, thick, smooth, bald, easy going man, who for enjoyment attends banquets, takes baths, and sleeps. The Somatotonic Mesomorph is described as being a muscular, rugged, tan, firm, adventurous man, who for enjoyment loves to exercise and master those around him for a good time. Lastly the Cerebrotonic Ectomorph, a man who is a long, thin, pale, dry, absent minded man, who doesn’t fancy moving around much and would rather sit quietly by themselves and keep out of difficulties. Berne reflects these special cases not as being something to judge or discriminate another human by, but uses them as an advocate to the human mind if encountering a struggle within itself or the world surrounding it, partially determined by the category their characteristics label them as. The article puts readers in a position of analyzing themselves and realizing how others may perceive them to be in society, as well as contributes

Contract Law Doctrine of Consideration

Question: Discuss about the Contract Law for Doctrine of Consideration. Answer: Introduction: A lawfully binding exchange of promises from one person to another has been defined as a contract which would be enforced by the law. Also, contract law has been observed to be founded on the phrase pacta sunt servanda. It specifically means that promises must be kept. But in order to create a valid contract there have to be four main essentials that must be present which includes an offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to create lawful relations and capacity.[1] If any one of the above mentioned essentials would not be present then a valid contract could not be formed. So, it has been clearly stated that consideration has been one of the most significant constituent of a lawful agreement. In creating a valid contract the first step was to make an offer which must be made by one person to another. Acceptance would be regarded as when the individual who receives the proposal accepts the terms of the offer which was made. Consideration has been regarded as same as the intention to create lawful relations.[2] Agreements which do not include a price which has to be paid for the promises were unenforceable if not they have been carried out by a legal document under seal. The elements of Intention to make lawful relationships have been descriptive constituents of a contract. The final element of a valid agreement was the capacity of the parties. It was whether an individual has the freedom to enter into an agreement or not. The below mentioned essay would spotlight on the constituents of a price in an agreement and more particularly it would dispute that price must be sufficient but need not to be adequate. Not every promise which was made would be enforceable in law by the tribunals, as doing so would be specifically being impractical. As it has been observed clearly that a promise which would be backed up by consideration would grant a reason for enforcement. It has been clearly observed that the Doctrine of Consideration has been one of the five major indispensable ingredients of a valid agreement. In an agreement, if consideration would not be instituted as a part of an agreement then it would determine whether it was enforceable or not unless it was integrated into a deed under a seal. Consideration has been defined as the price that was asked by the person who made an offer in exchange for their promise. As per the requirement of common law, in order to make a contract to be binding the person to whom the promise was made must grant a price for the promise. Consideration has been regarded as prone to much condemnation as it was stated to have a very slight extent as a meaning with a number of suggestions stating that the slightness of the doctrine displays was is now more about refuting the lawful effect in most of the promises.[3] The thoughts behind this disparagement were that a number of tribunals bring consideration into the matters without thinking twice and utilize it as a tool to direct their verdicts. This then show the way to it which was open to many more possibilities. As in the case of Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5[4], it was stated that a practical assistance attained by an individual could be calculated as a sufficient consideration. This would then lead to unauthorized assertions as never before which states that such consideration has been brought into a case containing a pre-existing contract. In the case of Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153[5], it has been concluded that consideration could be defined as some privilege, interest, profit accrued to an individual who was the party or some loss or harm undertaken by another. So, in order to rotate an otherwise unenforceable promise which was made by an individual into a lawfully binding contract a person to whom such promise was made must in return grant to the person who initiated a promise a price.[6] The meaning of what comprise of a price which was paid for such promise was distinctively found in the matter of Dunlop v Selfridge [1915] AC 847[7]. In this case it was concluded that price i.e. something of value could be defined as an act of tolerance of the guarantee. So, it was defined as the value for which such guarantee of the other was bought, and the promise thus would grant for worth would be enforceable. There was numerous numbers of rules which were made in regard to the procedure of consideration that could also be found in the matter of: Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 121 ER 762[8] as in this case it was stated that the price paid for a promise must be send from a person who accepted the offer; or In Re McArdle [1951] Ch 669[9], where it was held that the price paid must not be paid in past; In Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851[10] it was concluded that such consideration must be sufficient, but require not be adequate but must have something of value. This value which was paid for the promise should be more than merely financial. In the matter of Ward v Byham [1956] 1 WLR 496[11] promises which were made to take care for an individual have been concluded to be sufficient. But at first instance, it seems that the rule of consideration is anything wrong with terms. For most non-specialists "sufficient" means the same as "adequate." However, the rule makes sense, because it means that although consideration should be sufficient to maintain the contract (i.e. it must have some value in terms of law), it may not necessarily be appropriate in the sense to be of the same value as and consideration other.[12] In order to consider that the price paid for the promise was valid it could be done so by stating that such price need not to be adequate but must be sufficient. This statement could be meant that the price does not have to reveal the value of the promise to be adequate. But at the same time such promise must be lawfully sufficient that means to say that it must be somewhat that the law gazes at as been competent of concluding to a valid price.[13] This has been a controversial problem as many feel that it has been an inequitable method of shaping a verdict but such decision which was brought to limelight in the matter of Chappell v. Nestle [1960] AC 87[14]. In this case it was clearly concluded by the majority of the judges that the wrappers of the chocolate were considered as a element of price even though they were of small monetary price which was frightened away by the respondents on delivery.[15] In another case of Thomas v Thomas (1842), 2 QB 851[16] it was held that the motive of the husband was the only reason for the contract and a reason could not amount to price. Though, the promise which was made by the applicant to pay 1 and keep the house in good way was considered to be a sufficient consideration. Although it has been observed that the terms Adequacy and sufficiency in the common language have similar meaning as they were considered to be synonyms to each other. Though under law adequacy have been described to be such situations where the money which an individual has paid for something was inconsistent with the cost of what an individual obtains in return. It was the only privilege that the tribunals do not take into account whether an agreement which was initiated contains adequate consideration, as it would be unfeasible and away from the means of the tribunal to ascertain. Consequently, a person must fix a price for all of the goods and services that were enclosed in the agreements which were put forward before the tribunal. In a Canadian case of Zecevic v The Russian Orthodox Christ the Saviour Cathedral [1988]O.J. No. 1282[17], it was held that there was no intention to create legal relations from both the individuals who were the parties to the contract. Also, there had been no payment of money which was promised which clearly implies that there had been an inadequate consideration in the contract. So, it could be stated that for a consideration to be measured as satisfactory enough to sustain a easy agreement under law it must be have certain monetary worth. In addition to the fact that it must contain a monetary value, such price must also be of such a type which was recognized by law as lawful. On the other hand, there have been a number of examples that were measured to be insufficient consideration in the eyes of the lawful authorities such as natural love and affection, moral obligation and prayers were but to name a few. For instance, where an individual makes a guarantee to do something, which, they were previously bound by law to do it then this does not amount to satisfactory price in the construction of an agreement. This would merely be recurring as a duty which the person to whom such offer was made was already compelled to do so in other they were promising to do nothing at all. It was then the law stated and founded price to be an deficient consideration if the applicant carries out an obligation which he already owed.[18] There have been two main forms of considerations which could be considered as insufficient such as: Past consideration: It has been regarded as something which was granted unreasonably or in connection to other as it would not be regarded as a ground which would be sufficient in relation to a new promise. In the case of Stewart v Casey [1892] 1 Ch. 104[19] it has been stated that an exception to the past consideration rule subsists in connection to promises which were made to pay for services. It has also been stated that where it would be implied that the performance of services would be paid for then the performance of those services would be a good consideration.[20] Existing of Lawful duties: This rule was most likely to take place where the contractual duties were varied or An innovative agreement was completed and an innovative agreement was substituted by replacing it. Also for the above declarations which were made in relation to the rules of consideration in persistence to the fact that there were certain exceptions to the instance which was granted in relation to past consideration. But in order to create simplicity and lucidity, there has exceptions to the rules of consideration which were defined above. With regards to the doctrine of price i.e. consideration its exception was that of the person who made an offer who had formerly asked the other individual to grant goods or services. In the case of Lampleigh v Braithwait [1615] EWHC KB J 17[21] it was stated that a promise which was made after providing them would be treated as a legit. Though if it was known to be a trade deal then it must exhibit and perform in an unmistakable manner. In another matter of Re Caseys Patent [1892] 1 Ch. 104[22] it was upheld that the payment of price must ensue for the good and services which were to be provided as it would then also be measured to be obligatory. It has been the principle of promissory estoppels which was regarded as an impartial remedy that permits an individual from not turning back on a promise which was not sustained by the price paid under a contract. Estoppels could act as a guard but not as a weapon in relation to the point of consideration. So, it was simply about fairness to the other side of which may the person who made a offer could get benefit and so that the person to whom such promise was made does not violate the contract. It was in the case of Hughes v Metropolitan Railway (1876-77) LR 2 App Cas 439[23] that the doctrine of consideration was established. But at the same time it was this doctrine of Consideration only which drew divergence of view as a doctrine such as the attack which was made by Lord Mansfield on consideration for not recognizing it as part of contract law. In another matter of Tool Metal Manufacturing v Tungsten [1955] 1 WLR 761[24], that the modern version was enhanced by the court by confirming that the doctrine of promissory estoppel exists in contract law. In Waltons v Maher [1988] HCA 7[25] it was concluded that where the development of the Doctrine of Promissory Estoppels, under which a promise that has been dependent upon to the detriment of the other person may be imposed by that other in spite of the fact that there was a lack of consideration. Also, as a general rule of the part payment of a balance which was due was not a good consideration for the promise of the creditors to relinquish the balance. In the payment of a part of the balance which was due which was owed the person to whom an offer was made was observed to be doing a work which was no more than performing an existing contractual obligation which he owed. Similarly, a promise which was made in relation to pay a part of a balance due could not represent price for a promise of the creditor in order to relinquish the balance. It was usually referred to as the rule in Pinnels case. In the case of Penny v Cole which was known as the Pinnel's Case [1602] 5 Co. Rep. 117a[26] it was stated that if a sum of money was owing to a creditor by a balance which was due or. And all those individuals enter into an ensuing contract that concluded that the creditor would accept a smaller sum in fulfillment of the entire amount. But the later sum of the contract would usually not be obligatory as the arrears which was due or has not granted price for the promise of the creditor in order to relinquish the balance which was due. Consequently, even if the balance which was due or acts on this contract by paying the smaller amount which was decided and the sum was established by the creditor which he would usually be able to take legal action against the balance which was due or for the arrears. At last, in order to conclude the essay it could be stated that it has been of fundamental importance that consideration has been considered as required in the construction of agreements to make sure those only stringent contracts would be measured to be agreements and individuals would only enter into them deliberately. Also, it has been unreasonable for the tribunals to place a value on goods and services so consideration need not be satisfactory and it should be up to the individuals in an agreement to choose what charge them aspiration to put on goods or services. At last, the tribunals must only permit contracts that enclose price that has a monetary value to be an agreement. As it has revealed in cases, like Zecevic v The Russian Orthodox Christ the Saviour Cathedral [1988]O.J. No. 1282[27], that those contracts where price includes no monetary worth then it was unfeasible to put a worth on the promise made and thus becomes almost impracticable to control under law. References Ewan McKendrick and Qiao Liu, Contract Law: Australian Edition, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015). W. Ryan, Equity And The Doctrine Of Consideration, The Adelaide Law Review. Chappell v. Nestle [1960] AC 87. Cuurrie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153. Dunlop v Selfridge [1915] AC 847. Hughes v Metropolitan Railway (1876-77) LR 2 App Cas 439. Lampleigh v Braithwait [1615] EWHC KB J 17. Pinnel's Case [1602] 5 Co. Rep. 117a. Re Caseys Patent [1892] 1 Ch. 104. Re McArdle [1951] Ch 669. Stewart v Casey [1892] 1 Ch. 104. Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851. Thomas v Thomas (1842), 2 QB 851. Tool Metal Manufacturing v Tungsten [1955] 1 WLR 761. Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 121 ER 762. Waltons v Maher [1988] HCA 7. Ward v Byham [1956] 1 WLR 496. Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5.

Zapatista Movement Essay Example

Zapatista Movement Essay On the 1st day of January of 1994, Chiapas, a state in Mexico that is considered one of its poorest territories has bore the up to now existing ‘Zapatista Army of National Liberation’ (Ejà ©rcito Zapatista de Liberacià ³n Nacional, EZLN). It is an armed movement that has been asserting war in opposition to the Mexican state (Herna ´ndez, 2001). This revolutionary troupe addresses themselves as Zapatistas in honor of one of its prominent leaders in the Liberation of the South during the Mexican Revolution, Emiliano Zapata. At present this association is directed by their spokesperson Subcomandante Marcos (Herna ´ndez, 2001). The EZLN aims to instigate revolution and declare autonomy to the entire Mexican state, however this objective barely happened. As a result to its relentless failure, they have decided to use their protest on the signing of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) as a means for their mutiny to be recognized globally (El Kilombo Intergalà ¡ctico, 2008). According to them, the approval of NAFTA would only widen the gap between the rich people and the unfortunate ones of Chiapas. The movement moreover demands autonomy in their resources, giving them what they are supposed to get and having them benefit more from these assets. This group also seeks to establish a socialist government which would give high regards to individual rights, freedom and equality by eliminating property privacy and eradicating any oppression under the administration (Herna ´ndez, 2001).   And with this, the faction formed by this revolutionist came to be known all over the world. Internet and mainstream media such as communiquà ©s and articles concerning the Zapatistas’ existence began to take its distinction all over the globe (Gonzales 2005). Up to this time, this group had made drastic progress in its preeminence, carrying on what they had started with a descent flow. We will write a custom essay sample on Zapatista Movement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zapatista Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zapatista Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I take in position that the Zapatista movement is indeed enduring and the success of it is still yet to be determined. This paper will discuss three arguments in which one will prove the faction’s stability at present. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature Review School of Thought 1: The Zapatista Movement with Sub-Comandante Marcos at its head was successful in achieving their goals. The EZLN gave birth to pristine fundaments of democracy that once constructed a national movement drastically challenging the global capitalist agenda under the control of Subcommander Marcos (EZLN, 1993). Despite 10 struggling years of preparation for jungle guerrilla warfare and following a 12-day conflict in the onset of year 1994, the Zapatistas were able to revolutionize from an ‘army liberation’ into a ‘civil society’, facilitating mobilization among masses (Harvey, 1998). Through the years, the Zapatistas were able to maintain a stable path of analysis concerning global capitalism and plans for struggle. Consequently, after a decade of battles and global formation, the Zapatistas in 2005 published the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle (EZLN, 1993). The Sixth Declaration as stated by Marcos â€Å"announced their desire and intent to organize with other sectors of national and international society, creating a united, explicitly anti-capitalist front of all those ‘below and to the left;’ there would be no more dialogue with those ‘above’, with any political party or state official† (EZLN, 1993). The EZLN as it is known was the first and only post-modern revolutionary movement that achieved success. With the use of internet and other types of media broadcasts, they were able to create a communication infrastructure as a means to reach wider audiences in mobilizing outward foundation for the movement (Gonzales 2005). Various websites were upheld by their dedicated supporters from other countries such as published news updates, Zapatista communiquà ©s and information on events with reference to solidarity (Gonzales 2005). More importantly, these media helped them to expose periods of repression taking place within the Zapatista community. Moreover, the utilization of these methods has attracted the public to boast their own personal opinions. The Zapatista network has also able to further engage in affective political information to reach indigenous communities, organizations of environmental and human rights as well as activists (Gonzales 2005). In accordance with the NAFTA which became a means for the Zapatistas to manifest themselves were three people who took hostility with this agreement and made the EZLN an inspiration for their masterpieces. These were the following: â€Å"Bill Weinberg: investigative journalist and editor of the on-line weekly World War 3 Report who reaped awards. His works includes ‘Homage to Chiapas: The New Indigenous Struggles in Mexico’ and ‘War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America’† (El Kilombo Intergalà ¡ctico, 2008). â€Å"Franc Contreras: A reporter from Mexico City since 1996. He covers Mexico, Central and South America for Public Radio International and daily news broadcast, The World â€Å"(El Kilombo Intergalà ¡ctico, 2008). â€Å"Peter Brown: known as Pedro Caf in the Chiapas Highlands. Schools for Chiapas program director; he raised money and built a school for Zapatista children in one of the autonomous communities but was arrested, deported, and banned for life after the deed†(El Kilombo Intergalà ¡ctico, 2008). School of Thought 2: The Zapatista Movement was unsuccessful in achieving their goals and has since drifted into the shadows. The Zapatistas had become unsuccessful in achieving their aim to gain autonomy and independence. During the 1994 uprising of the EZLN, they were unable to achieve success with the use of arms and ammunitions. So they had thought of ways in order to effectively execute their objective and that is to use networking, to be able to reach wider range of supporters. One immediate failure encountered by the Zapatistas was when the government hesitated to sign the San Andres accord which emphasizes â€Å"the need for a new legislative framework to regulate the relations between indigenous peoples and the state; the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples as expressed through territorial autonomy within the national state; and the recognition of indigenous customary law† (Vogt, 1969). The proposal as settled to this result must be presented mutually to the national Congress by the participants, namely the federal government and EZLN. In the process the Zapatistas had lost hope and the government even had appeared unwilling to take approve of the said agreement. Several revisions of the accord was made during the course of its assent and efforts by the COCOPA, a political party of the Commission of the National Congress had failed to put the pieces back to its form and even peace dialogues have broken off (Vogt, 1969). The governmen t’s rejection of the agreement which it had earlier signed surprised many. They asserted that autonomy and recognition of such amendments which includes the conventional law of the indigenous people were intolerable and will only bring threat to national sovereignty (Vogt, 1969). In the last decades and up to this present time, the Zapatistas were under a most terrible assault against them. Numerous evictions were officially made by the state and federal agencies and security forces in the regions of Chiapas which includes the community in the Montes Azules (El Kilombo Intergalà ¡ctico, 2008). Inhabitants were forced to leave the zone as they were airlifted by helicopters. Men and women were put in dungeons and some pregnant women with children were stocked in warehouses without neither food nor water. Authorities from a community in Chiapas Highland called as San Andres Larrainzar, had been receiving death threats from the PRI which was the state Institutional Revolutionary Party (El Kilombo Intergalà ¡ctico, 2008). Paramilitary forces wounded and gunned several Zapatista communities in the region. They recalled a similar incident happened ten years ago wherein 45 people particularly women and children were massacred while praying in their chapel (Harvey, 1998). School of Thought 3: The Zapatista Movement is ongoing, with victories and defeats; the result of the movement is yet to be determined. The Good Government Councils of the five districts of the territories of the Zapatistas attended the ‘First Encounter Between Zapatista Peoples’ and the ‘Peoples of the World’ last December of 2006 to report certain progress in the organization of self-rule and direct democracy; community-based organization and implementing justice; and employment of autonomous institutions in health, education, and agricultural and artisan production (El Kilombo Intergalà ¡ctico, 2008). The following facts aim to evidently show what these communities have facilitated for the past years in their sense of self-governance: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Territory An estimated 500,000-700,000 hectares of lands, used to be in the possession and control of the ‘latifundistas’ (large landowners, like plantation owners) were took for recovery when the 1994 uprising and procuring of the seven seats of municipal took place (Herna ´ndez, 2001). Only a small part of this land was owned by the Zapatistas and for the indigenous communities in Zapatista territory, this mere fraction of land was rehabilitated into communally-worked plots(El Kilombo Intergalà ¡ctico, 2008). The abuelos (grandparents/inhabitants from previous generations) described life back then as peons, in near slave-like state experiences under the control of the latifundistas. According to them the recuperation made would greatly benefit them(El Kilombo Intergalà ¡ctico, 2008). The attainment of this land as a result gave them freedom to control their own lives without the intrusion of these oppressors. Also this incident became a means for them to build a new society where there is autonomy in the systems of education, health, commerce and justice (Vogt, 1969). b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good Government The autonomous governing body of the Zapatistas is recognized as the ‘Good Government Council’ (JBG by its Spanish acronym) which represents each of the five regions of the Zapatista territory (EZLN, 1993).   It is a sort of revolving independent government that serves as a local justice system, a body to represent interaction with other regions and projects outside the district, a provider of financial and moral accountability for the allocation of funds and the management of communal projects, and a delegated body to fulfill the mandate of the community assemblies they have selected and accounted to (Harvey, 1998). Each zone governs its own and manages them in accordance to the preferences of their region. Moreover, community members take turns in governing with each community member managing over the funds from collections for projects and labor(Vogt, 1969). The justice system is one of the most interesting facets of having an autonomous government. With this, the i ssues, conflicts and crimes are debated and reconciled among the members of the region and forms of punishment will also be determined by them. Issues on land disputes such as defending the lands restored from the 1994 uprising were also one of the concerns of the JBG justice system (Harvey, 1998). c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education The trained inhabitants that are working in the education and health systems are addressed as ‘promoters’ preferably than teachers or medics to establish a good relationship with the people they teach and take care of (Harvey, 1998). According to them they empathize with the patient’s pain and they as well learn with their students not the other way alone as they become their partners in the process of learning positioning each person in the same level of authority (Harvey, 1998). Earlier existing schools that were maintained over by the teachers from the SEP (Secretary of Public Education) had become rude, unresponsive and biased among the indigenous children of the community who mostly do not speak Spanish (Harvey, 1998). The autonomous method that is being used at present is more appropriate that children are able to understand better the traditions and problems their own communities are experiencing making them aware of those (Herna ´ndez, 2001). Education for them must be treated not only as a collection of technical lessons to be memorized, but also as an integration of the experiences and learning life has made each individual live through. Thus most schools in the community spends half of their class in their rooms and the other half outside doing productive activities such as garden planting, various task or having interaction with the elders of the region (Herna ´ndez, 2001). d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Health Systems of health care differ widely but possess same functions such as prevention of diseases or knowledge on curing and aiding oneself. Caring according to them not only borders on the prevention and the awareness on how to cure illnesses but also it is about knowing how to have concern on the thing around us like nature per se (EZLN, 1993). This realization of such makes us not only physically well but ethically well also making every citizen know how nature produces a good-living environment for us and they in turn must learn to preserve them (Vogt, 1969). The clinics are built with a combination of laboratories patterned from Western technologies. They have certain conventional remedies for minor injuries and illnesses such as herbal medicines (Harvey, 1998). Training varies from every community depending on the resources they have. Proper vaccinating, blood analysis, basic health inspections, performing minor surgeries are only some of the methods being taught to specific groups. There is also an ophthalmology center where they treat myopia, conjunctivitis and produce eyeglass lenses (Vogt, 1969). A special education on sex is also emphasized wherein midwives combine the traditional practice and modernized methods to give birth. With reference to the past services available patients have experience to be nursed but with disdain and prejudice (Herna ´ndez, 2001). Treatment are made without consultation, some babies have died of diarrhea and others of malnutrition and incurable diseases (Harvey, 1998). Because of the new approach instigated by the autonomous health systems they were able to decrease if not completely eliminate deaths among infants, properly diagnose and treat basic sickness, generate appropriate practice and awareness, and manage secured transport in crucial cases (EZLN, 1993). e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production There are various types of artisan collectives, garden projects, coffee cooperatives, bakeries, chicken coops and other projects which collectively provide resources that are self-sustained to minimize labor, production costs less dependence on market or intermediary cuts (Harvey, 1998). Jungle zone warehouse are one of its most distinguished project. These warehouses will greatly benefit its inhabitants by providing communities with enough storage space and accessible market centers wherein they could beat the ‘selling low and buying high’ market, avoiding drastically high transport costs that could diminish profit and also it will help them produce good-quality supplies and food for themselves (EZLN, 1993). This project had been so successful that they were able to use the earnings they have acquired to support other activities by the movement and export them to other places that likened to their own stability (Herna ´ndez, 2001). The systems practiced by these Zapatista communities are neither notional nor insignificant. It had made to impart real effects on the development of the region particularly to lives of the inhabitants (Harvey, 1998). As EZLN recently reported, starvation barely exists in the zones of the Zapatista territory, maternal and infant mortality have also dropped. Moreover, justice systems had been so powerful that even the non-Zapatista frequently opted to take their complaints on the JBG rather than bringing them to the official and municipal state courts (Herna ´ndez, 2001). Schools are open to all even the non-Zapatistas as well as clinics that will aide anyone regardless of associations. The formation, equipment, and preparing paramilitary troupes in the territory of the Zapatista, Mexican armies’ militarization of the Chiapas, inclusion and division by political parties and coalition forces, initiation of programs that directly overthrow people by struggle or force them to give their land has constantly weakened them over the past 14 years in which they were coerced to be divided into organizations and eliminate their leaders (Herna ´ndez, 2001). But despite all of this, the Zapatistas have never gone back to the dump of open combat, nor have they shriveled into fright or defenselessness in opposition to the assaults and weights of poverty (Vogt, 1969). They have and still persistently, gradually and progressively build autonomy, providing themselves voices and seeking out that of others whom they know are committed with their task of creating a new world. They have learned from their bitter experiences from the past and will now stand from the ground with head up full of dignity (Harvey, 1998). IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Argument/ Analysis The Zapatista movement throughout the decades has proven how potent and competent they are in terms of self-sufficiency in their community in Chiapas. And I personally believe that the state government must allow the amends that they are trying to put forward because they are indeed deserving of such compensation. Support from the state government is needed by them because they have to go a long way more to achieve the fruits of what they have labored for many years now. Furthermore, the Zapatistas has impressively established and managed their autonomous indigenous communities and it is constantly operating well despite the absence of change in the Mexican political arena. Zapatista insurrection moreover has become a key motivation and inspiration from people around the world. We cannot immediately tell whether they had failed or succeed the quest, because they are merely starting to arrive on the peak of their movement’s victory. And sooner maybe, if the needs of this indigenous people have not still been met, they might not be able to carry on and totally drift into the shadows. V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion Evidently, the Zapatistas has indeed made its way among all the other movements different nations had produced. The EZLN has failed in some ways but are succeeding and yet to succeed in several fashions. Indeed, the Zapatistas have established themselves, from a community of none to a community of united individuals bounded as one, building an entire autonomous society with their own government, rules, way of life that will show the state government how capable they are to gain their full power of independence.